sqlglot.generator
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import logging 4import re 5import typing as t 6from collections import defaultdict 7from functools import reduce 8 9from sqlglot import exp 10from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, UnsupportedError, concat_messages 11from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, csv, name_sequence, seq_get 12from sqlglot.jsonpath import ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS, JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS 13from sqlglot.time import format_time 14from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 15 16if t.TYPE_CHECKING: 17 from sqlglot._typing import E 18 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType 19 20logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot") 21 22ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE = re.compile(r"\\(\d+)") 23 24 25class _Generator(type): 26 def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs): 27 klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs) 28 29 # Remove transforms that correspond to unsupported JSONPathPart expressions 30 for part in ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS - klass.SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS: 31 klass.TRANSFORMS.pop(part, None) 32 33 return klass 34 35 36class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 37 """ 38 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 39 40 Args: 41 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 42 Default: False. 43 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 44 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 45 True or 'always': Always quote. 46 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 47 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 48 Default: False. 49 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 50 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 51 Default: 2. 52 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 53 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 54 Default: 2. 55 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 56 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 57 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 58 False: Disables function name normalization. 59 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 60 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 61 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 62 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 63 Default: 3 64 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 65 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 66 Default: False 67 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 68 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 69 line length. 70 Default: 80 71 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 72 Default: True 73 """ 74 75 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 76 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 77 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 78 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 79 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 80 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 82 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 83 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 84 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 85 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 86 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 87 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 88 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 89 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 92 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 93 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 95 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 96 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 97 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 98 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 99 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 100 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 101 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 102 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 103 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 104 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 105 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 106 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 107 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 108 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 109 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 110 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 111 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 112 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 113 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 114 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 115 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 116 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 117 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 118 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 119 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 120 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 124 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 125 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 126 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 127 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 128 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 129 ), 130 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 131 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 132 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 133 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 134 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 135 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 136 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 137 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 138 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 139 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 140 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 141 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 142 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 143 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 144 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 145 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 146 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 147 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 148 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 149 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 150 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 151 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 152 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 153 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 154 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 155 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 156 } 157 158 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 159 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 160 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 161 162 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 163 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 164 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 165 166 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 167 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 168 169 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 170 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 171 172 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 173 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 174 175 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 176 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 177 178 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 179 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 180 181 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 182 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 183 184 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 185 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 186 187 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 188 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 189 190 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 191 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 192 193 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 194 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 195 196 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 197 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 198 199 # The string used for creating an index on a table 200 INDEX_ON = "ON" 201 202 # Whether join hints should be generated 203 JOIN_HINTS = True 204 205 # Whether table hints should be generated 206 TABLE_HINTS = True 207 208 # Whether query hints should be generated 209 QUERY_HINTS = True 210 211 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 212 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 213 214 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 215 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 216 217 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 218 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 219 220 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 221 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 222 223 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 224 RETURNING_END = True 225 226 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 227 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 228 229 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 230 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 231 232 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 233 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 234 235 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 236 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 237 238 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 239 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 240 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 241 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 242 243 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 244 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 245 246 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 247 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 248 249 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 250 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 251 252 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 253 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 254 255 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 256 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 257 258 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 259 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 260 261 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 262 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 263 264 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 265 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 266 267 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 268 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 269 270 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 271 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 272 273 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 274 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 275 276 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 277 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 278 279 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 280 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 281 282 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 283 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 284 285 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 286 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 287 288 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 289 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 290 291 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 292 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 293 294 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 295 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 296 297 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 298 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 299 300 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 301 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 302 303 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 304 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 305 306 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 307 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 308 309 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 310 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 311 312 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 313 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 314 315 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 316 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 317 318 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 319 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 320 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 321 322 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 323 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 324 325 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 326 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 327 328 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 329 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 330 331 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 332 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 333 334 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 335 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 336 337 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 338 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 339 340 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 341 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 342 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 343 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 344 345 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 346 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 347 348 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 349 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 350 351 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 352 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 353 354 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 355 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 356 357 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 358 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 359 360 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 361 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 362 363 # The HEX function name 364 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 365 366 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 367 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 368 369 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 370 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 371 372 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 373 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 374 375 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 376 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 377 378 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 379 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 380 381 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 382 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 383 384 TYPE_MAPPING = { 385 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 386 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 387 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 388 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 389 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 390 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 391 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 392 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 393 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 394 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 395 } 396 397 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 398 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 399 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 400 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 401 "HOURS": "HOUR", 402 "DAYS": "DAY", 403 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 404 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 405 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 406 "YEARS": "YEAR", 407 } 408 409 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 410 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 411 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 412 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 413 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 414 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 415 if e.args.get("windows") 416 else "" 417 ), 418 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 419 } 420 421 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 422 423 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 424 425 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 426 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 427 428 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 429 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 430 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 431 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 432 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 433 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 434 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 435 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 436 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 437 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 438 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 439 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 440 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 441 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 442 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 443 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 444 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 445 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 446 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 447 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 448 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 451 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 452 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 453 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 454 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 455 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 456 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 457 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 458 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 459 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 460 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 461 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 462 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 463 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 464 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 465 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 466 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 467 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 468 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 469 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 470 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 471 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 472 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 473 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 474 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 476 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 477 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 478 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 479 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 480 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 481 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 482 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 483 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 484 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 486 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 487 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 488 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 489 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 490 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 491 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 492 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 493 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 494 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 495 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 497 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 498 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 500 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 501 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 502 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 503 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 504 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 505 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 507 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 508 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 509 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 510 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 } 512 513 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 514 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 515 516 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 517 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 518 exp.Command, 519 exp.Create, 520 exp.Delete, 521 exp.Drop, 522 exp.From, 523 exp.Insert, 524 exp.Join, 525 exp.Select, 526 exp.SetOperation, 527 exp.Update, 528 exp.Where, 529 exp.With, 530 ) 531 532 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 533 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 534 exp.Binary, 535 exp.SetOperation, 536 ) 537 538 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 539 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 540 exp.Column, 541 exp.Literal, 542 exp.Neg, 543 exp.Paren, 544 ) 545 546 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 547 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 548 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 549 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 550 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 551 } 552 553 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 554 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 555 556 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 557 558 __slots__ = ( 559 "pretty", 560 "identify", 561 "normalize", 562 "pad", 563 "_indent", 564 "normalize_functions", 565 "unsupported_level", 566 "max_unsupported", 567 "leading_comma", 568 "max_text_width", 569 "comments", 570 "dialect", 571 "unsupported_messages", 572 "_escaped_quote_end", 573 "_escaped_identifier_end", 574 "_next_name", 575 ) 576 577 def __init__( 578 self, 579 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 580 identify: str | bool = False, 581 normalize: bool = False, 582 pad: int = 2, 583 indent: int = 2, 584 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 585 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 586 max_unsupported: int = 3, 587 leading_comma: bool = False, 588 max_text_width: int = 80, 589 comments: bool = True, 590 dialect: DialectType = None, 591 ): 592 import sqlglot 593 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 594 595 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 596 self.identify = identify 597 self.normalize = normalize 598 self.pad = pad 599 self._indent = indent 600 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 601 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 602 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 603 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 604 self.comments = comments 605 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 606 607 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 608 self.normalize_functions = ( 609 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 610 ) 611 612 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 613 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 614 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 615 ) 616 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 617 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 618 ) 619 620 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 621 622 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 623 """ 624 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 625 626 Args: 627 expression: The syntax tree. 628 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 629 it is safer to copy. 630 631 Returns: 632 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 633 """ 634 if copy: 635 expression = expression.copy() 636 637 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 638 639 self.unsupported_messages = [] 640 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 641 642 if self.pretty: 643 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 644 645 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 646 return sql 647 648 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 649 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 650 logger.warning(msg) 651 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 652 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 653 654 return sql 655 656 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 657 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 658 if ( 659 not expression.parent 660 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 661 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 662 ): 663 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 664 665 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 666 667 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 668 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 669 670 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 671 672 return expression 673 674 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 675 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 676 raise UnsupportedError(message) 677 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 678 679 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 680 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 681 682 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 683 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 684 685 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 686 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 687 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 688 return comment 689 690 def maybe_comment( 691 self, 692 sql: str, 693 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 694 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 695 separated: bool = False, 696 ) -> str: 697 comments = ( 698 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 699 if self.comments 700 else None 701 ) 702 703 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 704 return sql 705 706 comments_sql = " ".join( 707 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 708 ) 709 710 if not comments_sql: 711 return sql 712 713 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 714 715 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 716 return ( 717 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 718 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 719 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 720 ) 721 722 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 723 724 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 725 this_sql = ( 726 self.sql(expression) 727 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 728 else self.sql(expression, "this") 729 ) 730 if not this_sql: 731 return "()" 732 733 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 734 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 735 736 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 737 original = self.identify 738 self.identify = False 739 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 740 self.identify = original 741 return result 742 743 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 744 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 745 return name.upper() 746 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 747 return name.lower() 748 return name 749 750 def indent( 751 self, 752 sql: str, 753 level: int = 0, 754 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 755 skip_first: bool = False, 756 skip_last: bool = False, 757 ) -> str: 758 if not self.pretty or not sql: 759 return sql 760 761 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 762 lines = sql.split("\n") 763 764 return "\n".join( 765 ( 766 line 767 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 768 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 769 ) 770 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 771 ) 772 773 def sql( 774 self, 775 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 776 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 777 comment: bool = True, 778 ) -> str: 779 if not expression: 780 return "" 781 782 if isinstance(expression, str): 783 return expression 784 785 if key: 786 value = expression.args.get(key) 787 if value: 788 return self.sql(value) 789 return "" 790 791 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 792 793 if callable(transform): 794 sql = transform(self, expression) 795 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 796 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 797 798 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 799 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 800 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 801 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 802 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 803 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 804 else: 805 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 806 else: 807 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 808 809 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 810 811 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 812 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 813 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 814 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 815 816 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 817 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 818 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 819 options = expression.args.get("options") 820 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 821 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 822 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 823 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 824 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 825 826 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 827 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 828 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 829 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 830 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 831 832 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 833 return ".".join( 834 self.sql(part) 835 for part in ( 836 expression.args.get("catalog"), 837 expression.args.get("db"), 838 expression.args.get("table"), 839 expression.args.get("this"), 840 ) 841 if part 842 ) 843 844 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 845 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 846 847 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 848 join_mark = "" 849 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 850 851 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 852 853 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 854 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 855 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 856 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 857 return f"{position}{this}" 858 859 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 860 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 861 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 862 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 863 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 864 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 865 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 866 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 867 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 868 869 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 870 kind = "" 871 872 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 873 874 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 875 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 876 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 877 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 878 879 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 880 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 881 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 882 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 883 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 884 persisted = " PERSISTED" 885 else: 886 persisted = "" 887 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 888 889 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 890 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 891 892 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 893 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 894 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 895 else: 896 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 897 898 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 899 900 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 901 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 902 ) -> str: 903 this = "" 904 if expression.this is not None: 905 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 906 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 907 908 start = expression.args.get("start") 909 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 910 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 911 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 912 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 913 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 914 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 915 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 916 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 917 cycle_sql = "" 918 919 if cycle is not None: 920 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 921 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 922 923 sequence_opts = "" 924 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 925 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 926 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 927 928 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 929 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 930 931 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 932 933 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 934 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 935 ) -> str: 936 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 937 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 938 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 939 940 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 941 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 942 ) -> str: 943 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 944 945 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 946 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 947 948 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 949 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 950 951 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 952 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 953 if desc is not None: 954 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 955 return "PRIMARY KEY" 956 957 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 958 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 959 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 960 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 961 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 962 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 963 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 964 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 965 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 966 967 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 968 return self.sql(expression, "this") 969 970 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 971 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 972 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 973 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 974 975 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 976 977 properties_sql = "" 978 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 979 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 980 ): 981 properties_sql = self.sql( 982 exp.Properties( 983 expressions=[ 984 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 985 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 986 ] 987 ) 988 ) 989 990 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 991 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 992 elif not self.pretty: 993 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 994 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 995 996 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 997 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 998 999 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1000 if expression_sql: 1001 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1002 1003 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1004 postalias_props_sql = "" 1005 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1006 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1007 exp.Properties( 1008 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1009 ), 1010 wrapped=False, 1011 ) 1012 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1013 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1014 1015 postindex_props_sql = "" 1016 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1017 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1018 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1019 wrapped=False, 1020 prefix=" ", 1021 ) 1022 1023 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1024 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1025 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1026 1027 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1028 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1029 1030 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1031 if clustered is None: 1032 clustered_sql = "" 1033 elif clustered: 1034 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1035 else: 1036 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1037 1038 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1039 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1040 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1041 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1042 sep=" ", 1043 prefix=" ", 1044 wrapped=False, 1045 ) 1046 1047 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1048 1049 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1050 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1051 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1052 exp.Properties( 1053 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1054 ), 1055 sep=" ", 1056 prefix=" ", 1057 wrapped=False, 1058 ) 1059 1060 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1061 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1062 no_schema_binding = ( 1063 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1064 ) 1065 1066 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1067 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1068 1069 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1070 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1071 1072 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1073 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1074 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1075 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1076 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1077 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1078 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1079 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1080 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1081 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1082 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1083 1084 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1085 if cache is None: 1086 cache_str = "" 1087 elif cache is True: 1088 cache_str = " CACHE" 1089 else: 1090 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1091 1092 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1093 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1094 1095 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1096 1097 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1098 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1099 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1100 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1101 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1102 1103 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1104 style = expression.args.get("style") 1105 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1106 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1107 1108 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1109 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1110 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1111 1112 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1113 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1114 if with_: 1115 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1116 return sql 1117 1118 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1119 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1120 recursive = ( 1121 "RECURSIVE " 1122 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1123 else "" 1124 ) 1125 1126 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1127 1128 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1129 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1130 1131 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1132 if materialized is False: 1133 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1134 elif materialized: 1135 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1136 1137 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1138 1139 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1140 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1141 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1142 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1143 1144 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1145 columns = "" 1146 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1147 1148 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1149 alias = self._next_name() 1150 1151 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1152 1153 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1154 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1155 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1156 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1157 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1158 1159 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1160 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1161 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1162 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1163 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1164 1165 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1166 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1167 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1168 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1169 return this 1170 1171 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1172 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1173 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1174 1175 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1176 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1177 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1178 else: 1179 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1180 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1181 1182 if escape: 1183 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1184 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1185 else: 1186 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1187 escape_sql = "" 1188 1189 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1190 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1191 1192 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1193 1194 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1195 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1196 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1197 1198 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1199 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1200 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1201 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1202 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1203 1204 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1205 type_value = expression.this 1206 1207 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1208 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1209 else: 1210 type_sql = ( 1211 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1212 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1213 else type_value 1214 ) 1215 1216 nested = "" 1217 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1218 values = "" 1219 1220 if interior: 1221 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1222 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1223 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1224 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1225 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1226 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1227 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1228 nested = f" {interior}" 1229 else: 1230 nested = f"({interior})" 1231 1232 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1233 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1234 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1235 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1236 ): 1237 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1238 1239 return type_sql 1240 1241 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1242 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1243 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1244 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1245 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1246 1247 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1248 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1249 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1250 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1251 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1252 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1253 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1254 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1255 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1256 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1257 if self.RETURNING_END: 1258 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1259 else: 1260 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1261 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1262 1263 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1264 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1265 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1266 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1267 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1268 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1269 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1270 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1271 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1272 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1273 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1274 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1275 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1276 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1277 1278 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1279 return self.set_operations(expression) 1280 1281 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1282 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1283 1284 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1285 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1286 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1287 count = expression.args.get("count") 1288 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1289 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1290 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1291 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1292 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1293 1294 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1295 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1296 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1297 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1298 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1299 1300 agg = expression.this 1301 agg_arg = agg.this 1302 cond = expression.expression.this 1303 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1304 return self.sql(agg) 1305 1306 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1307 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1308 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1309 return "" 1310 1311 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1312 1313 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1314 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1315 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1316 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1317 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1318 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1319 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1320 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1321 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1322 if include: 1323 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1324 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1325 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1326 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1327 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1328 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1329 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1330 1331 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1332 1333 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1334 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1335 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1336 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1337 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1338 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1339 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1340 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1341 1342 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1343 1344 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1345 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1346 1347 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1348 text = expression.name 1349 lower = text.lower() 1350 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1351 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1352 if ( 1353 expression.quoted 1354 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1355 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1356 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1357 ): 1358 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1359 return text 1360 1361 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1362 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1363 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1364 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1365 1366 return text 1367 1368 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1369 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1370 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1371 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1372 return text 1373 1374 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1375 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1376 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1377 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1378 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1379 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1380 1381 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1382 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1383 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1384 1385 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1386 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1387 1388 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1389 root_properties = [] 1390 with_properties = [] 1391 1392 for p in expression.expressions: 1393 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1394 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1395 with_properties.append(p) 1396 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1397 root_properties.append(p) 1398 1399 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1400 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1401 1402 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1403 with_props = " " + with_props 1404 1405 return root_props + with_props 1406 1407 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1408 if properties.expressions: 1409 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1410 return "" 1411 1412 def properties( 1413 self, 1414 properties: exp.Properties, 1415 prefix: str = "", 1416 sep: str = ", ", 1417 suffix: str = "", 1418 wrapped: bool = True, 1419 ) -> str: 1420 if properties.expressions: 1421 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1422 if expressions: 1423 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1424 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1425 return "" 1426 1427 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1428 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1429 1430 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1431 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1432 for p in properties.expressions: 1433 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1434 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1435 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1436 else: 1437 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1438 1439 return properties_locs 1440 1441 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1442 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1443 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1444 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1445 1446 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1447 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1448 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1449 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1450 1451 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1452 if not property_name: 1453 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1454 1455 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1456 1457 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1458 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1459 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1460 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1461 1462 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1463 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1464 like = f"({like})" 1465 1466 return like 1467 1468 if expression.expressions: 1469 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1470 1471 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1472 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1473 1474 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1475 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1476 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1477 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1478 1479 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1480 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1481 local = expression.args.get("local") 1482 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1483 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1484 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1485 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1486 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1487 1488 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1489 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1490 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1491 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1492 1493 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1494 if expression.args.get("default"): 1495 property = "DEFAULT" 1496 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1497 property = "ON" 1498 else: 1499 property = "OFF" 1500 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1501 1502 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1503 if expression.args.get("no"): 1504 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1505 if expression.args.get("default"): 1506 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1507 1508 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1509 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1510 1511 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1512 default = expression.args.get("default") 1513 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1514 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1515 if default or minimum or maximum: 1516 if default: 1517 prop = "DEFAULT" 1518 elif minimum: 1519 prop = "MINIMUM" 1520 else: 1521 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1522 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1523 units = expression.args.get("units") 1524 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1525 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1526 1527 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1528 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1529 always = expression.args.get("always") 1530 default = expression.args.get("default") 1531 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1532 never = expression.args.get("never") 1533 1534 if autotemp is not None: 1535 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1536 elif always: 1537 prop = "ALWAYS" 1538 elif default: 1539 prop = "DEFAULT" 1540 elif manual: 1541 prop = "MANUAL" 1542 elif never: 1543 prop = "NEVER" 1544 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1545 1546 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1547 no = expression.args.get("no") 1548 no = " NO" if no else "" 1549 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1550 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1551 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1552 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1553 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1554 1555 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1556 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1557 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1558 if expression.this: 1559 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1560 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1561 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1562 1563 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1564 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1565 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1566 1567 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1568 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1569 1570 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1571 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1572 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1573 else: 1574 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1575 1576 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1577 1578 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1579 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1580 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1581 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1582 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1583 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1584 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1585 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1586 1587 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1588 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1589 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1590 statistics_sql = "" 1591 if statistics is not None: 1592 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1593 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1594 1595 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1596 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1597 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1598 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1599 data_consistency = ( 1600 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1601 ) 1602 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1603 retention_period = ( 1604 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1605 ) 1606 1607 if this: 1608 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1609 else: 1610 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1611 1612 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1613 1614 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1615 1616 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1617 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1618 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1619 1620 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1621 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1622 else: 1623 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1624 1625 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1626 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1627 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1628 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1629 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1630 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1631 if is_function: 1632 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1633 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1634 1635 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1636 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1637 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1638 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1639 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1640 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1641 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1642 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1643 1644 if self.RETURNING_END: 1645 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1646 else: 1647 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1648 1649 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{where}{expression_sql}" 1650 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1651 1652 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1653 return self.set_operations(expression) 1654 1655 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1656 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1657 1658 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1659 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1660 1661 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1662 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1663 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1664 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1665 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1666 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1667 1668 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1669 return expression.name 1670 1671 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1672 return expression.name 1673 1674 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1675 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1676 1677 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1678 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1679 1680 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1681 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1682 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1683 1684 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1685 if expressions: 1686 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1687 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1688 1689 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1690 1691 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1692 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1693 1694 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1695 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1696 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1697 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1698 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1699 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1700 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1701 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1702 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1703 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1704 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1705 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1706 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1707 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1708 1709 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1710 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1711 1712 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1713 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1714 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1715 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1716 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1717 1718 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1719 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1720 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1721 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1722 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1723 1724 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1725 return ".".join( 1726 self.sql(part) 1727 for part in ( 1728 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1729 expression.args.get("db"), 1730 expression.args.get("this"), 1731 ) 1732 if part is not None 1733 ) 1734 1735 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1736 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1737 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1738 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1739 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1740 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1741 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1742 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1743 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1744 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1745 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1746 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1747 joins = self.indent( 1748 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1749 ) 1750 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1751 1752 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1753 if file_format: 1754 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1755 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1756 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1757 1758 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1759 if ordinality: 1760 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1761 alias = "" 1762 1763 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1764 if when: 1765 table = f"{table} {when}" 1766 1767 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1768 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1769 1770 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1771 if rows_from: 1772 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1773 1774 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1775 1776 def tablesample_sql( 1777 self, 1778 expression: exp.TableSample, 1779 sep: str = " AS ", 1780 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1781 ) -> str: 1782 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1783 table = expression.this.copy() 1784 table.set("alias", None) 1785 this = self.sql(table) 1786 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1787 else: 1788 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1789 alias = "" 1790 1791 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1792 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1793 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1794 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1795 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1796 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1797 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1798 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1799 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1800 1801 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1802 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1803 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1804 1805 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1806 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1807 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1808 1809 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1810 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1811 expr = f"({expr})" 1812 1813 return ( 1814 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1815 ) 1816 1817 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1818 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1819 1820 if expression.this: 1821 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1822 if not expressions: 1823 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1824 1825 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1826 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1827 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1828 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1829 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1830 1831 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1832 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1833 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1834 1835 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1836 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1837 field = f"IN ({field})" 1838 1839 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1840 if include_nulls is not None: 1841 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1842 else: 1843 nulls = "" 1844 1845 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1846 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1847 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1848 1849 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1850 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1851 kind = expression.text("kind") 1852 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1853 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1854 1855 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1856 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1857 1858 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1859 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1860 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1861 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1862 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1863 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1864 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1865 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1866 if self.RETURNING_END: 1867 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1868 else: 1869 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1870 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1871 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1872 1873 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1874 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1875 1876 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1877 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1878 args = self.expressions(expression) 1879 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1880 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1881 values = ( 1882 f"({values})" 1883 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1884 else values 1885 ) 1886 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1887 1888 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1889 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1890 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1891 1892 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1893 1894 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1895 row = tup.expressions 1896 1897 if i == 0 and column_names: 1898 row = [ 1899 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1900 ] 1901 1902 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1903 1904 if self.pretty: 1905 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1906 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1907 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1908 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1909 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1910 1911 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1912 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1913 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1914 1915 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1916 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1917 1918 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1919 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1920 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1921 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1922 1923 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1924 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1925 1926 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1927 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1928 if group_by_all is True: 1929 modifier = " ALL" 1930 elif group_by_all is False: 1931 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1932 else: 1933 modifier = "" 1934 1935 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1936 1937 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1938 grouping_sets = ( 1939 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1940 ) 1941 1942 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1943 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1944 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1945 else: 1946 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1947 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1948 1949 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1950 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1951 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1952 else: 1953 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1954 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1955 1956 groupings = csv( 1957 grouping_sets, 1958 cube_sql, 1959 rollup_sql, 1960 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1961 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1962 ) 1963 1964 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1965 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1966 1967 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1968 1969 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1970 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1971 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1972 1973 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1974 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1975 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1976 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1977 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1978 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1979 return start + connect 1980 1981 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 1982 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1983 1984 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1985 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 1986 side = None 1987 else: 1988 side = expression.side 1989 1990 op_sql = " ".join( 1991 op 1992 for op in ( 1993 expression.method, 1994 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1995 side, 1996 expression.kind, 1997 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1998 ) 1999 if op 2000 ) 2001 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2002 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2003 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2004 using = expression.args.get("using") 2005 2006 if not on_sql and using: 2007 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2008 2009 this = expression.this 2010 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2011 2012 if on_sql: 2013 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2014 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2015 if using: 2016 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2017 else: 2018 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2019 elif not op_sql: 2020 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2021 return f" {this_sql}" 2022 2023 return f", {this_sql}" 2024 2025 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2026 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2027 2028 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2029 2030 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2031 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2032 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2033 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2034 2035 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2036 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2037 2038 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2039 if cross_apply is True: 2040 op = "INNER JOIN " 2041 elif cross_apply is False: 2042 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2043 else: 2044 op = "" 2045 2046 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2047 2048 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2049 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2050 2051 if expression.args.get("view"): 2052 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2053 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2054 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2055 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2056 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2057 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2058 2059 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2060 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2061 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2062 2063 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2064 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2065 2066 args = [ 2067 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2068 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2069 if e 2070 ] 2071 2072 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2073 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2074 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2075 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2076 2077 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2078 2079 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2080 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2081 value = expression.expression 2082 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2083 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2084 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2085 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2086 2087 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2088 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2089 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2090 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2091 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2092 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2093 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2094 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2095 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2096 2097 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2098 expressions = ( 2099 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2100 ) 2101 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2102 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2103 2104 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2105 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2106 2107 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2108 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2109 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2110 return "" 2111 2112 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2113 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2114 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2115 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2116 2117 if wait is not None: 2118 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2119 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2120 else: 2121 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2122 2123 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2124 2125 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2126 text = expression.this or "" 2127 if expression.is_string: 2128 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2129 return text 2130 2131 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2132 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2133 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2134 text = "".join( 2135 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2136 ) 2137 2138 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2139 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2140 ) 2141 2142 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2143 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2144 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2145 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2146 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2147 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2148 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2149 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2150 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2151 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2152 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2153 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2154 2155 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2156 return "NULL" 2157 2158 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2159 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2160 2161 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2162 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2163 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2164 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2165 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2166 interpolated_values = [ 2167 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2168 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2169 ] 2170 interpolate = ( 2171 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2172 ) 2173 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2174 2175 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2176 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2177 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2178 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2179 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2180 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2181 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2182 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2183 2184 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2185 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2186 2187 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2188 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2189 2190 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2191 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2192 2193 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2194 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2195 asc = not desc 2196 2197 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2198 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2199 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2200 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2201 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2202 2203 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2204 2205 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2206 nulls_sort_change = "" 2207 if nulls_first and ( 2208 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2209 ): 2210 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2211 elif ( 2212 nulls_last 2213 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2214 and not nulls_are_last 2215 ): 2216 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2217 2218 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2219 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2220 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2221 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2222 self.unsupported( 2223 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2224 ) 2225 nulls_sort_change = "" 2226 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2227 if expression.this.is_int: 2228 self.unsupported( 2229 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2230 ) 2231 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2232 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2233 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2234 nulls_sort_change = "" 2235 2236 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2237 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2238 2239 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2240 2241 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2242 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2243 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2244 2245 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2246 2247 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2248 2249 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2250 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2251 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2252 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2253 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2254 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2255 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2256 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2257 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2258 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2259 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2260 definition_sqls = [ 2261 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2262 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2263 ] 2264 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2265 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2266 body = "".join( 2267 ( 2268 partition, 2269 order, 2270 measures, 2271 rows, 2272 after, 2273 pattern, 2274 define, 2275 ) 2276 ) 2277 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2278 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2279 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2280 2281 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2282 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2283 2284 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2285 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2286 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2287 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2288 2289 return csv( 2290 *sqls, 2291 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2292 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2293 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2294 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2295 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2296 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2297 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2298 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2299 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2300 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2301 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2302 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2303 self.options_modifier(expression), 2304 sep="", 2305 ) 2306 2307 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2308 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2309 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2310 2311 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2312 return "" 2313 2314 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2315 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2316 ) -> t.List[str]: 2317 return [ 2318 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2319 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2320 ] 2321 2322 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2323 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2324 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2325 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2326 2327 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2328 into = expression.args.get("into") 2329 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2330 into.pop() 2331 2332 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2333 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2334 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2335 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2336 2337 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2338 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2339 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2340 limit.pop() 2341 else: 2342 top = "" 2343 2344 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2345 2346 if kind: 2347 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2348 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2349 else: 2350 if kind == "STRUCT": 2351 expressions = self.expressions( 2352 sqls=[ 2353 self.sql( 2354 exp.Struct( 2355 expressions=[ 2356 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2357 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2358 else e 2359 for e in expression.expressions 2360 ] 2361 ) 2362 ) 2363 ] 2364 ) 2365 kind = "" 2366 2367 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2368 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2369 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2370 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2371 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2372 expression, 2373 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2374 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2375 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2376 ) 2377 2378 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2379 2380 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2381 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2382 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2383 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2384 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2385 else: 2386 table_kind = "" 2387 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2388 2389 return sql 2390 2391 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2392 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2393 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2394 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2395 2396 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2397 if expression.expressions: 2398 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2399 return "" 2400 2401 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2402 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2403 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2404 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2405 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2406 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2407 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2408 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2409 2410 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2411 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2412 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2413 2414 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2415 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2416 kind = expression.text("kind") 2417 if kind: 2418 kind = f"{kind}." 2419 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2420 2421 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2422 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2423 2424 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2425 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2426 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2427 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2428 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2429 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2430 2431 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2432 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2433 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2434 2435 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2436 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2437 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2438 order = expression.args.get("order") 2439 2440 if limit or order: 2441 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2442 2443 if limit: 2444 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2445 if order: 2446 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2447 return self.sql(select) 2448 2449 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2450 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2451 2452 while stack: 2453 node = stack.pop() 2454 2455 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2456 stack.append(node.expression) 2457 stack.append( 2458 self.maybe_comment( 2459 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2460 comments=node.comments, 2461 separated=True, 2462 ) 2463 ) 2464 stack.append(node.this) 2465 else: 2466 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2467 2468 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2469 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2470 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2471 2472 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2473 return self.set_operations(expression) 2474 2475 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2476 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2477 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2478 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2479 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2480 2481 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2482 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2483 2484 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2485 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2486 2487 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2488 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2489 alias.append("columns", offset) 2490 2491 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2492 columns = alias.columns 2493 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2494 else: 2495 alias = self.sql(alias) 2496 2497 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2498 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2499 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2500 else: 2501 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2502 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2503 elif offset: 2504 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2505 else: 2506 suffix = alias 2507 2508 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2509 2510 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2511 return "" 2512 2513 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2514 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2515 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2516 2517 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2518 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2519 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2520 order = expression.args.get("order") 2521 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2522 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2523 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2524 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2525 2526 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2527 2528 first = expression.args.get("first") 2529 if first is None: 2530 first = "" 2531 else: 2532 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2533 2534 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2535 return f"{this} {alias}" 2536 2537 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2538 return f"{this} ({args})" 2539 2540 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2541 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2542 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2543 2544 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2545 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2546 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2547 end = ( 2548 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2549 or "CURRENT ROW" 2550 ) 2551 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2552 2553 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2554 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2555 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2556 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2557 2558 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2559 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2560 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2561 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2562 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2563 2564 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2565 return apply_index_offset( 2566 expression.this, 2567 expression.expressions, 2568 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2569 ) 2570 2571 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2572 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2573 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2574 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2575 2576 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2577 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2578 2579 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2580 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2581 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2582 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2583 this = self.wrap(this) 2584 return f"ANY{this}" 2585 return f"ANY {this}" 2586 2587 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2588 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2589 2590 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2591 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2592 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2593 2594 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2595 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2596 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2597 2598 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2599 2600 if default: 2601 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2602 2603 statements.append("END") 2604 2605 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2606 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2607 2608 return " ".join(statements) 2609 2610 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2611 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2612 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2613 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2614 2615 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2616 order = expression.args.get("order") 2617 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2618 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2619 2620 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2621 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2622 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2623 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2624 2625 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2626 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2627 2628 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2629 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2630 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2631 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2632 else: 2633 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2634 2635 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2636 args = expression.expressions 2637 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2638 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2639 2640 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2641 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2642 2643 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2644 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2645 2646 return args 2647 2648 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2649 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2650 2651 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2652 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2653 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2654 2655 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2656 2657 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2658 return self.func( 2659 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2660 ) 2661 2662 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2663 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2664 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2665 2666 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2667 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2668 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2669 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2670 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2671 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2672 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2673 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2674 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2675 2676 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2677 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2678 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2679 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2680 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2681 2682 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2683 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2684 2685 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2686 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2687 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2688 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2689 2690 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2691 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2692 2693 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2694 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2695 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2696 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2697 2698 return path 2699 2700 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2701 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2702 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2703 if not callable(transform): 2704 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2705 return "" 2706 2707 return transform(self, expression) 2708 2709 if isinstance(expression, int): 2710 return str(expression) 2711 2712 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2713 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2714 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2715 else: 2716 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2717 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2718 2719 return escaped 2720 2721 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2722 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2723 2724 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2725 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2726 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2727 2728 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2729 if unique_keys is not None: 2730 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2731 else: 2732 unique_keys = "" 2733 2734 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2735 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2736 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2737 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2738 2739 return self.func( 2740 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2741 *expression.expressions, 2742 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2743 ) 2744 2745 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2746 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2747 2748 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2749 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2750 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2751 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2752 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2753 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2754 return self.func( 2755 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2756 ) 2757 2758 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2759 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2760 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2761 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2762 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2763 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2764 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2765 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2766 return self.func( 2767 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2768 this, 2769 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2770 ) 2771 2772 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2773 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2774 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2775 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2776 2777 if nested_schema: 2778 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2779 2780 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2781 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2782 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2783 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2784 2785 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2786 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2787 2788 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2789 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2790 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2791 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2792 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2793 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2794 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2795 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2796 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2797 return self.func( 2798 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2799 ) 2800 2801 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2802 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2803 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2804 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2805 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2806 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2807 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2808 2809 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2810 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2811 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2812 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2813 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2814 with_ = ( 2815 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2816 if expressions 2817 else "" 2818 ) 2819 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2820 2821 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2822 query = expression.args.get("query") 2823 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2824 field = expression.args.get("field") 2825 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2826 2827 if query: 2828 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2829 elif unnest: 2830 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2831 elif field: 2832 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2833 else: 2834 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2835 2836 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2837 2838 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2839 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2840 2841 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2842 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2843 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2844 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2845 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2846 2847 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2848 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2849 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2850 2851 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2852 if this: 2853 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2854 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2855 2856 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2857 2858 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2859 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2860 2861 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2862 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2863 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2864 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2865 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2866 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2867 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2868 2869 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2870 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2871 2872 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2873 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2874 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2875 2876 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2877 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2878 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2879 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2880 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2881 2882 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2883 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2884 2885 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2886 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2887 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2888 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2889 2890 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2891 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2892 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2893 2894 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2895 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2896 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2897 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2898 2899 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2900 2901 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2902 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2903 2904 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2905 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2906 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2907 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2908 2909 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2910 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2911 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2912 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2913 2914 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2915 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2916 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2917 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2918 2919 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2920 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2921 2922 def and_sql( 2923 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2924 ) -> str: 2925 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2926 2927 def or_sql( 2928 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2929 ) -> str: 2930 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2931 2932 def xor_sql( 2933 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2934 ) -> str: 2935 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2936 2937 def connector_sql( 2938 self, 2939 expression: exp.Connector, 2940 op: str, 2941 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2942 ) -> str: 2943 if stack is not None: 2944 if expression.expressions: 2945 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2946 else: 2947 stack.append(expression.right) 2948 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2949 for comment in expression.comments: 2950 if comment: 2951 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2952 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2953 return op 2954 2955 stack = [expression] 2956 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2957 ops = set() 2958 2959 while stack: 2960 node = stack.pop() 2961 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2962 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2963 else: 2964 sql = self.sql(node) 2965 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2966 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2967 else: 2968 sqls.append(sql) 2969 2970 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2971 return sep.join(sqls) 2972 2973 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2974 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2975 2976 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 2977 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 2978 2979 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 2980 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2981 2982 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 2983 return self.binary(expression, "|") 2984 2985 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 2986 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 2987 2988 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 2989 return self.binary(expression, "^") 2990 2991 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 2992 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 2993 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 2994 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2995 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2996 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 2997 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 2998 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 2999 3000 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3001 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3002 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3003 3004 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3005 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3006 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3007 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3008 3009 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3010 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3011 3012 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3013 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3014 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3015 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3016 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3017 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3018 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3019 3020 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3021 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3022 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3023 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3024 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3025 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3026 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3027 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3028 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3029 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3030 3031 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3032 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3033 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3034 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3035 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3036 3037 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3038 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3039 3040 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3041 3042 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3043 return "BEGIN" 3044 3045 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3046 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3047 if chain is not None: 3048 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3049 3050 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3051 3052 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3053 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3054 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3055 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3056 3057 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3058 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3059 3060 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3061 if dtype: 3062 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3063 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3064 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3065 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3066 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3067 3068 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3069 if default: 3070 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3071 3072 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3073 if comment: 3074 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3075 3076 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3077 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3078 3079 if not drop and not allow_null: 3080 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3081 3082 if allow_null is not None: 3083 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3084 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3085 3086 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3087 3088 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3089 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3090 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3091 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3092 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3093 3094 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3095 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3096 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3097 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3098 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3099 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3100 3101 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3102 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3103 # Remove db from tables 3104 expression = expression.transform( 3105 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3106 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3107 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3108 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3109 3110 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3111 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3112 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3113 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3114 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3115 3116 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3117 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3118 return f"SET {exprs}" 3119 3120 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3121 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3122 3123 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3124 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3125 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3126 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3127 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3128 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3129 else: 3130 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3131 3132 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3133 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3134 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3135 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3136 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3137 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3138 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3139 3140 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3141 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3142 return self.expressions( 3143 expression, 3144 key="actions", 3145 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3146 skip_first=True, 3147 ) 3148 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3149 3150 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3151 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3152 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3153 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3154 3155 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3156 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3157 3158 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3159 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3160 3161 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3162 case = exp.case() 3163 for arg in expression.expressions: 3164 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3165 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3166 3167 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3168 3169 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3170 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3171 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3172 3173 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3174 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3175 3176 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3177 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3178 3179 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3180 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3181 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3182 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3183 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3184 3185 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3186 return self.sql( 3187 exp.Cast( 3188 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3189 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3190 ) 3191 ) 3192 3193 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3194 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3195 return self.func( 3196 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3197 ) 3198 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3199 3200 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3201 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3202 3203 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3204 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3205 3206 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3207 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3208 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3209 3210 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3211 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3212 return self.sql( 3213 exp.cast( 3214 l / r, 3215 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3216 ) 3217 ) 3218 3219 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3220 3221 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3222 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3223 3224 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3225 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3226 3227 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3228 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3229 3230 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3231 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3232 3233 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3234 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3235 3236 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3237 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3238 3239 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3240 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3241 3242 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3243 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3244 3245 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3246 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3247 3248 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3249 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3250 3251 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3252 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3253 3254 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3255 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3256 return self.sql( 3257 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3258 ) 3259 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3260 3261 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3262 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3263 3264 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3265 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3266 3267 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3268 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3269 3270 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3271 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3272 3273 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3274 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3275 3276 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3277 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3278 3279 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3280 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3281 3282 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3283 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3284 3285 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3286 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3287 3288 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3289 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3290 3291 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3292 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3293 3294 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3295 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3296 3297 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3298 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3299 3300 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3301 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3302 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3303 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3304 3305 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3306 3307 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3308 this = expression.this 3309 expr = expression.expression 3310 3311 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3312 this, expr = expr, this 3313 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3314 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3315 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3316 3317 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3318 3319 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3320 3321 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3322 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3323 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3324 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3325 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3326 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3327 3328 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3329 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3330 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3331 3332 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3333 args = [] 3334 3335 for key in expression.arg_types: 3336 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3337 3338 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3339 for value in arg_value: 3340 args.append(value) 3341 elif arg_value is not None: 3342 args.append(arg_value) 3343 3344 if self.normalize_functions: 3345 name = expression.sql_name() 3346 else: 3347 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3348 3349 return self.func(name, *args) 3350 3351 def func( 3352 self, 3353 name: str, 3354 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3355 prefix: str = "(", 3356 suffix: str = ")", 3357 ) -> str: 3358 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3359 3360 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3361 arg_sqls = tuple( 3362 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3363 ) 3364 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3365 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3366 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3367 3368 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3369 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3370 3371 def format_time( 3372 self, 3373 expression: exp.Expression, 3374 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3375 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3376 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3377 return format_time( 3378 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3379 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3380 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3381 ) 3382 3383 def expressions( 3384 self, 3385 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3386 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3387 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3388 flat: bool = False, 3389 indent: bool = True, 3390 skip_first: bool = False, 3391 skip_last: bool = False, 3392 sep: str = ", ", 3393 prefix: str = "", 3394 dynamic: bool = False, 3395 new_line: bool = False, 3396 ) -> str: 3397 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3398 3399 if not expressions: 3400 return "" 3401 3402 if flat: 3403 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3404 3405 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3406 result_sqls = [] 3407 3408 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3409 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3410 if not sql: 3411 continue 3412 3413 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3414 3415 if self.pretty: 3416 if self.leading_comma: 3417 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3418 else: 3419 result_sqls.append( 3420 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3421 ) 3422 else: 3423 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3424 3425 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3426 if new_line: 3427 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3428 result_sqls.append("") 3429 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3430 else: 3431 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3432 return ( 3433 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3434 if indent 3435 else result_sql 3436 ) 3437 3438 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3439 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3440 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3441 if flat: 3442 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3443 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3444 3445 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3446 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3447 if not property_name: 3448 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3449 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3450 3451 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3452 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3453 3454 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3455 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3456 3457 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3458 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3459 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3460 expressions = ( 3461 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3462 ) 3463 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3464 3465 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3466 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3467 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3468 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3469 3470 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3471 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3472 3473 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3474 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3475 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3476 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3477 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3478 3479 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3480 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3481 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3482 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3483 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3484 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3485 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3486 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3487 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3488 else: 3489 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3490 else: 3491 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3492 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3493 3494 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3495 table = expression.this 3496 table_alias = "" 3497 3498 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3499 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3500 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3501 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3502 3503 this = self.sql(table) 3504 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3505 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3506 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3507 sep = self.sep() 3508 3509 return self.prepend_ctes( 3510 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3511 ) 3512 3513 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3514 if expression.args.get("format"): 3515 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3516 3517 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3518 3519 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3520 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3521 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3522 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3523 3524 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3525 if not fmt: 3526 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3527 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3528 3529 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3530 3531 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3532 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3533 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3534 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3535 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3536 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3537 3538 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3539 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3540 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3541 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3542 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3543 3544 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3545 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3546 3547 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3548 return "" 3549 3550 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3551 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3552 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3553 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3554 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3555 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3556 3557 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3558 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3559 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3560 3561 if having: 3562 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3563 3564 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3565 3566 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3567 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3568 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3569 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3570 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3571 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3572 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3573 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3574 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3575 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3576 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3577 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3578 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3579 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3580 3581 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3582 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3583 if key_block_size: 3584 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3585 3586 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3587 if using: 3588 return f"USING {using}" 3589 3590 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3591 if parser: 3592 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3593 3594 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3595 if comment: 3596 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3597 3598 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3599 if visible is not None: 3600 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3601 3602 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3603 if engine_attr: 3604 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3605 3606 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3607 if secondary_engine_attr: 3608 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3609 3610 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3611 return "" 3612 3613 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3614 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3615 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3616 3617 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3618 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3619 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3620 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3621 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3622 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3623 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3624 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3625 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3626 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3627 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3628 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3629 3630 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3631 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3632 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3633 3634 case = exp.Case().when( 3635 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3636 expression.args["true"], 3637 copy=False, 3638 ) 3639 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3640 if else_cond: 3641 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3642 3643 return self.sql(case) 3644 3645 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3646 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3647 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3648 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3649 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3650 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3651 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3652 3653 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3654 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3655 3656 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3657 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3658 3659 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3660 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3661 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3662 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3663 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3664 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3665 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3666 3667 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3668 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3669 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3670 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3671 3672 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3673 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3674 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3675 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3676 3677 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3678 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3679 3680 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3681 arg = expression.this 3682 if not arg.type: 3683 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3684 3685 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3686 3687 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3688 return self.sql(arg) 3689 3690 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3691 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3692 3693 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3694 this = expression.this 3695 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3696 return self.sql(this) 3697 3698 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3699 3700 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3701 this = expression.this 3702 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3703 return self.sql(this) 3704 3705 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3706 3707 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3708 this = expression.this 3709 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3710 3711 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3712 return self.sql( 3713 exp.cast( 3714 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3715 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3716 ) 3717 ) 3718 3719 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3720 return self.sql(this) 3721 3722 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3723 3724 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3725 return self.sql( 3726 exp.func( 3727 "DATEDIFF", 3728 expression.this, 3729 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3730 "day", 3731 ) 3732 ) 3733 3734 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3735 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3736 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3737 3738 unit = expression.text("unit") 3739 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3740 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3741 3742 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3743 3744 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3745 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3746 3747 return self.func( 3748 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3749 ) 3750 3751 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3752 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3753 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3754 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3755 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3756 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3757 3758 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3759 3760 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3761 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3762 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3763 3764 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3765 3766 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3767 expression.set( 3768 "expressions", 3769 [ 3770 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3771 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3772 else e 3773 for e in expression.expressions 3774 ], 3775 ) 3776 3777 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3778 3779 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3780 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3781 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3782 3783 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3784 3785 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3786 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3787 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3788 3789 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3790 3791 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3792 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3793 3794 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3795 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3796 3797 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3798 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3799 3800 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3801 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3802 3803 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3804 3805 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3806 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3807 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3808 to = expression.this 3809 value = expression.expression 3810 style = expression.args.get("style") 3811 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3812 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3813 3814 if not to or not value: 3815 return "" 3816 3817 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3818 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3819 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3820 3821 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3822 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3823 3824 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3825 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3826 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3827 3828 style_value = style.name 3829 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3830 if not converted_style: 3831 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3832 3833 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3834 3835 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3836 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3837 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3838 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3839 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3840 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3841 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3842 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3843 3844 if not transformed: 3845 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3846 3847 return self.sql(transformed) 3848 3849 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3850 this = expression.this 3851 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3852 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3853 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3854 3855 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3856 return f".{this}" 3857 3858 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3859 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3860 3861 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3862 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3863 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3864 3865 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3866 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3867 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3868 3869 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3870 3871 return expression 3872 3873 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3874 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3875 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3876 mods = sorted( 3877 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3878 key=lambda x: 0 3879 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3880 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3881 ) 3882 3883 if mods: 3884 mod = mods[0] 3885 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3886 this.meta["inline"] = True 3887 mod.this.replace(this) 3888 return self.sql(expression.this) 3889 3890 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3891 3892 if agg_func: 3893 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3894 3895 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3896 3897 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3898 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3899 if self.pretty: 3900 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3901 return string 3902 3903 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3904 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3905 3906 if expression.expressions: 3907 upper = option.upper() 3908 3909 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3910 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3911 3912 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3913 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3914 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3915 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3916 3917 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3918 3919 if not value: 3920 return option 3921 3922 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3923 3924 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3925 3926 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3927 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3928 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3929 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3930 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3931 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3932 else: 3933 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3934 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3935 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3936 3937 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3938 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3939 3940 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3941 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3942 3943 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3944 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3945 3946 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3947 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3948 3949 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3950 3951 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3952 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3953 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3954 3955 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3956 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3957 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3958 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3959 3960 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3961 params = self.expressions( 3962 expression, 3963 key="params", 3964 sep=sep, 3965 new_line=True, 3966 skip_last=True, 3967 skip_first=True, 3968 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3969 ) 3970 3971 if params: 3972 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3973 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3974 elif not self.pretty: 3975 params = f" {params}" 3976 3977 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 3978 3979 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 3980 return "" 3981 3982 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 3983 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 3984 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 3985 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 3986 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 3987 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 3988 3989 if filter_col or retention_period: 3990 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 3991 3992 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 3993 3994 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 3995 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 3996 ) -> str: 3997 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3998 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3999 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4000 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4001 4002 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4003 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4004 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4005 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4006 4007 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4008 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4009 4010 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4011 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4012 expr = expression.expression 4013 4014 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4015 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4016 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4017 else: 4018 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4019 4020 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4021 4022 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4023 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4024 return self.sql(expression.this) 4025 4026 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4027 4028 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4029 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4030 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4031 4032 if lower and upper: 4033 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4034 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4035 4036 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4037 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4038 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4039 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4040 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4041 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4042 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4043 4044 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4045 4046 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4047 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4048 4049 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4050 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4051 fill_pattern = "' '" 4052 4053 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4054 4055 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4056 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4057 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4058 4059 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4060 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4061 4062 parent = expression.parent 4063 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4064 parent = parent.parent 4065 4066 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4067 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4068 4069 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4070 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4071 4072 return self.sql(generate_series) 4073 4074 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4075 exprs = expression.expressions 4076 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4077 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4078 else: 4079 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4080 4081 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs)
logger =
<Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE =
re.compile('\\\\(\\d+)')
class
Generator:
37class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 38 """ 39 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 40 41 Args: 42 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 43 Default: False. 44 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 45 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 46 True or 'always': Always quote. 47 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 48 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 49 Default: False. 50 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 51 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 52 Default: 2. 53 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 54 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 55 Default: 2. 56 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 57 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 58 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 59 False: Disables function name normalization. 60 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 61 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 62 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 63 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 64 Default: 3 65 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 66 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 67 Default: False 68 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 69 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 70 line length. 71 Default: 80 72 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 73 Default: True 74 """ 75 76 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 77 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 78 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 79 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 80 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 82 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 83 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 84 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 85 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 86 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 87 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 88 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 89 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 92 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 93 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 95 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 96 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 97 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 98 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 99 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 100 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 101 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 102 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 103 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 104 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 105 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 106 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 107 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 108 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 109 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 110 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 111 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 112 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 113 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 114 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 115 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 116 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 117 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 118 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 119 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 120 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 125 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 126 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 127 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 128 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 129 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 130 ), 131 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 132 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 133 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 134 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 135 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 136 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 137 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 138 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 139 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 140 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 141 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 142 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 143 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 144 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 145 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 146 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 147 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 148 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 149 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 150 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 151 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 152 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 153 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 154 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 155 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 156 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 157 } 158 159 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 160 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 161 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 162 163 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 164 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 165 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 166 167 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 168 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 169 170 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 171 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 172 173 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 174 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 175 176 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 177 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 178 179 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 180 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 181 182 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 183 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 184 185 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 186 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 187 188 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 189 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 190 191 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 192 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 193 194 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 195 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 196 197 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 198 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 199 200 # The string used for creating an index on a table 201 INDEX_ON = "ON" 202 203 # Whether join hints should be generated 204 JOIN_HINTS = True 205 206 # Whether table hints should be generated 207 TABLE_HINTS = True 208 209 # Whether query hints should be generated 210 QUERY_HINTS = True 211 212 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 213 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 214 215 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 216 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 217 218 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 219 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 220 221 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 222 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 223 224 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 225 RETURNING_END = True 226 227 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 228 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 229 230 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 231 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 232 233 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 234 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 235 236 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 237 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 238 239 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 240 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 241 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 242 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 243 244 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 245 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 246 247 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 248 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 249 250 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 251 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 252 253 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 254 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 255 256 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 257 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 258 259 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 260 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 261 262 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 263 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 264 265 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 266 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 267 268 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 269 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 270 271 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 272 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 273 274 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 275 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 276 277 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 278 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 279 280 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 281 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 282 283 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 284 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 285 286 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 287 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 288 289 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 290 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 291 292 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 293 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 294 295 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 296 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 297 298 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 299 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 300 301 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 302 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 303 304 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 305 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 306 307 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 308 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 309 310 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 311 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 312 313 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 314 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 315 316 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 317 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 318 319 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 320 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 321 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 322 323 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 324 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 325 326 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 327 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 328 329 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 330 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 331 332 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 333 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 334 335 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 336 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 337 338 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 339 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 340 341 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 342 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 343 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 344 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 345 346 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 347 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 348 349 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 350 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 351 352 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 353 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 354 355 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 356 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 357 358 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 359 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 360 361 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 362 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 363 364 # The HEX function name 365 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 366 367 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 368 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 369 370 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 371 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 372 373 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 374 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 375 376 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 377 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 378 379 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 380 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 381 382 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 383 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 384 385 TYPE_MAPPING = { 386 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 387 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 388 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 389 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 390 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 391 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 392 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 393 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 394 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 395 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 396 } 397 398 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 399 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 400 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 401 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 402 "HOURS": "HOUR", 403 "DAYS": "DAY", 404 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 405 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 406 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 407 "YEARS": "YEAR", 408 } 409 410 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 411 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 412 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 413 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 414 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 415 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 416 if e.args.get("windows") 417 else "" 418 ), 419 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 420 } 421 422 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 423 424 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 425 426 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 427 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 428 429 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 430 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 431 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 432 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 433 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 434 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 435 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 436 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 437 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 438 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 439 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 440 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 441 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 442 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 443 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 444 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 445 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 446 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 447 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 448 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 451 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 452 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 453 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 454 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 455 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 456 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 457 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 458 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 459 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 460 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 461 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 462 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 463 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 464 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 465 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 466 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 467 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 468 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 469 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 470 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 471 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 472 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 473 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 474 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 476 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 477 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 478 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 479 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 480 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 481 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 482 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 483 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 484 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 486 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 487 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 488 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 489 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 490 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 491 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 492 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 493 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 494 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 495 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 497 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 498 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 501 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 502 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 503 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 504 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 505 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 506 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 507 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 508 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 509 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 510 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 512 } 513 514 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 515 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 516 517 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 518 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 519 exp.Command, 520 exp.Create, 521 exp.Delete, 522 exp.Drop, 523 exp.From, 524 exp.Insert, 525 exp.Join, 526 exp.Select, 527 exp.SetOperation, 528 exp.Update, 529 exp.Where, 530 exp.With, 531 ) 532 533 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 534 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 535 exp.Binary, 536 exp.SetOperation, 537 ) 538 539 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 540 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 541 exp.Column, 542 exp.Literal, 543 exp.Neg, 544 exp.Paren, 545 ) 546 547 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 548 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 549 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 550 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 551 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 552 } 553 554 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 555 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 556 557 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 558 559 __slots__ = ( 560 "pretty", 561 "identify", 562 "normalize", 563 "pad", 564 "_indent", 565 "normalize_functions", 566 "unsupported_level", 567 "max_unsupported", 568 "leading_comma", 569 "max_text_width", 570 "comments", 571 "dialect", 572 "unsupported_messages", 573 "_escaped_quote_end", 574 "_escaped_identifier_end", 575 "_next_name", 576 ) 577 578 def __init__( 579 self, 580 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 581 identify: str | bool = False, 582 normalize: bool = False, 583 pad: int = 2, 584 indent: int = 2, 585 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 586 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 587 max_unsupported: int = 3, 588 leading_comma: bool = False, 589 max_text_width: int = 80, 590 comments: bool = True, 591 dialect: DialectType = None, 592 ): 593 import sqlglot 594 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 595 596 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 597 self.identify = identify 598 self.normalize = normalize 599 self.pad = pad 600 self._indent = indent 601 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 602 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 603 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 604 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 605 self.comments = comments 606 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 607 608 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 609 self.normalize_functions = ( 610 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 611 ) 612 613 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 614 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 615 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 616 ) 617 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 618 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 619 ) 620 621 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 622 623 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 624 """ 625 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 626 627 Args: 628 expression: The syntax tree. 629 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 630 it is safer to copy. 631 632 Returns: 633 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 634 """ 635 if copy: 636 expression = expression.copy() 637 638 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 639 640 self.unsupported_messages = [] 641 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 642 643 if self.pretty: 644 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 645 646 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 647 return sql 648 649 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 650 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 651 logger.warning(msg) 652 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 653 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 654 655 return sql 656 657 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 658 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 659 if ( 660 not expression.parent 661 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 662 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 663 ): 664 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 665 666 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 667 668 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 669 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 670 671 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 672 673 return expression 674 675 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 676 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 677 raise UnsupportedError(message) 678 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 679 680 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 681 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 682 683 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 684 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 685 686 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 687 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 688 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 689 return comment 690 691 def maybe_comment( 692 self, 693 sql: str, 694 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 695 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 696 separated: bool = False, 697 ) -> str: 698 comments = ( 699 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 700 if self.comments 701 else None 702 ) 703 704 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 705 return sql 706 707 comments_sql = " ".join( 708 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 709 ) 710 711 if not comments_sql: 712 return sql 713 714 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 715 716 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 717 return ( 718 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 719 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 720 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 721 ) 722 723 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 724 725 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 726 this_sql = ( 727 self.sql(expression) 728 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 729 else self.sql(expression, "this") 730 ) 731 if not this_sql: 732 return "()" 733 734 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 735 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 736 737 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 738 original = self.identify 739 self.identify = False 740 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 741 self.identify = original 742 return result 743 744 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 745 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 746 return name.upper() 747 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 748 return name.lower() 749 return name 750 751 def indent( 752 self, 753 sql: str, 754 level: int = 0, 755 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 756 skip_first: bool = False, 757 skip_last: bool = False, 758 ) -> str: 759 if not self.pretty or not sql: 760 return sql 761 762 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 763 lines = sql.split("\n") 764 765 return "\n".join( 766 ( 767 line 768 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 769 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 770 ) 771 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 772 ) 773 774 def sql( 775 self, 776 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 777 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 778 comment: bool = True, 779 ) -> str: 780 if not expression: 781 return "" 782 783 if isinstance(expression, str): 784 return expression 785 786 if key: 787 value = expression.args.get(key) 788 if value: 789 return self.sql(value) 790 return "" 791 792 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 793 794 if callable(transform): 795 sql = transform(self, expression) 796 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 797 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 798 799 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 800 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 801 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 802 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 803 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 804 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 805 else: 806 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 807 else: 808 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 809 810 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 811 812 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 813 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 814 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 815 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 816 817 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 818 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 819 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 820 options = expression.args.get("options") 821 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 822 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 823 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 824 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 825 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 826 827 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 828 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 829 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 830 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 831 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 832 833 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 834 return ".".join( 835 self.sql(part) 836 for part in ( 837 expression.args.get("catalog"), 838 expression.args.get("db"), 839 expression.args.get("table"), 840 expression.args.get("this"), 841 ) 842 if part 843 ) 844 845 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 846 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 847 848 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 849 join_mark = "" 850 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 851 852 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 853 854 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 855 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 856 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 857 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 858 return f"{position}{this}" 859 860 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 861 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 862 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 863 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 864 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 865 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 866 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 867 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 868 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 869 870 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 871 kind = "" 872 873 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 874 875 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 876 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 877 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 878 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 879 880 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 881 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 882 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 883 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 884 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 885 persisted = " PERSISTED" 886 else: 887 persisted = "" 888 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 889 890 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 891 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 892 893 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 894 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 895 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 896 else: 897 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 898 899 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 900 901 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 902 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 903 ) -> str: 904 this = "" 905 if expression.this is not None: 906 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 907 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 908 909 start = expression.args.get("start") 910 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 911 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 912 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 913 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 914 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 915 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 916 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 917 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 918 cycle_sql = "" 919 920 if cycle is not None: 921 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 922 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 923 924 sequence_opts = "" 925 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 926 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 927 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 928 929 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 930 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 931 932 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 933 934 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 935 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 936 ) -> str: 937 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 938 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 939 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 940 941 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 942 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 943 ) -> str: 944 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 945 946 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 947 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 948 949 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 950 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 951 952 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 953 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 954 if desc is not None: 955 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 956 return "PRIMARY KEY" 957 958 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 959 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 960 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 961 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 962 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 963 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 964 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 965 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 966 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 967 968 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 969 return self.sql(expression, "this") 970 971 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 972 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 973 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 974 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 975 976 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 977 978 properties_sql = "" 979 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 980 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 981 ): 982 properties_sql = self.sql( 983 exp.Properties( 984 expressions=[ 985 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 986 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 987 ] 988 ) 989 ) 990 991 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 992 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 993 elif not self.pretty: 994 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 995 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 996 997 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 998 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 999 1000 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1001 if expression_sql: 1002 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1003 1004 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1005 postalias_props_sql = "" 1006 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1007 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1008 exp.Properties( 1009 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1010 ), 1011 wrapped=False, 1012 ) 1013 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1014 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1015 1016 postindex_props_sql = "" 1017 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1018 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1019 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1020 wrapped=False, 1021 prefix=" ", 1022 ) 1023 1024 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1025 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1026 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1027 1028 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1029 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1030 1031 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1032 if clustered is None: 1033 clustered_sql = "" 1034 elif clustered: 1035 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1036 else: 1037 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1038 1039 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1040 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1041 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1042 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1043 sep=" ", 1044 prefix=" ", 1045 wrapped=False, 1046 ) 1047 1048 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1049 1050 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1051 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1052 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1053 exp.Properties( 1054 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1055 ), 1056 sep=" ", 1057 prefix=" ", 1058 wrapped=False, 1059 ) 1060 1061 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1062 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1063 no_schema_binding = ( 1064 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1065 ) 1066 1067 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1068 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1069 1070 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1071 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1072 1073 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1074 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1075 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1076 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1077 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1078 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1079 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1080 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1081 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1082 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1083 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1084 1085 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1086 if cache is None: 1087 cache_str = "" 1088 elif cache is True: 1089 cache_str = " CACHE" 1090 else: 1091 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1092 1093 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1094 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1095 1096 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1097 1098 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1099 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1100 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1101 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1102 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1103 1104 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1105 style = expression.args.get("style") 1106 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1107 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1108 1109 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1110 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1111 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1112 1113 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1114 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1115 if with_: 1116 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1117 return sql 1118 1119 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1120 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1121 recursive = ( 1122 "RECURSIVE " 1123 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1124 else "" 1125 ) 1126 1127 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1128 1129 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1130 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1131 1132 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1133 if materialized is False: 1134 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1135 elif materialized: 1136 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1137 1138 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1139 1140 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1141 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1142 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1143 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1144 1145 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1146 columns = "" 1147 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1148 1149 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1150 alias = self._next_name() 1151 1152 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1153 1154 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1155 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1156 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1157 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1158 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1159 1160 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1161 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1162 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1163 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1164 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1165 1166 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1167 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1168 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1169 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1170 return this 1171 1172 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1173 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1174 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1175 1176 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1177 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1178 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1179 else: 1180 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1181 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1182 1183 if escape: 1184 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1185 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1186 else: 1187 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1188 escape_sql = "" 1189 1190 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1191 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1192 1193 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1194 1195 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1196 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1197 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1198 1199 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1200 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1201 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1202 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1203 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1204 1205 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1206 type_value = expression.this 1207 1208 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1209 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1210 else: 1211 type_sql = ( 1212 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1213 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1214 else type_value 1215 ) 1216 1217 nested = "" 1218 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1219 values = "" 1220 1221 if interior: 1222 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1223 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1224 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1225 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1226 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1227 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1228 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1229 nested = f" {interior}" 1230 else: 1231 nested = f"({interior})" 1232 1233 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1234 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1235 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1236 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1237 ): 1238 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1239 1240 return type_sql 1241 1242 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1243 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1244 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1245 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1246 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1247 1248 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1249 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1250 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1251 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1252 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1253 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1254 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1255 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1256 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1257 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1258 if self.RETURNING_END: 1259 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1260 else: 1261 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1262 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1263 1264 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1265 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1266 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1267 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1268 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1269 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1270 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1271 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1272 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1273 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1274 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1275 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1276 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1277 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1278 1279 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1280 return self.set_operations(expression) 1281 1282 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1283 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1284 1285 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1286 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1287 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1288 count = expression.args.get("count") 1289 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1290 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1291 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1292 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1293 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1294 1295 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1296 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1297 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1298 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1299 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1300 1301 agg = expression.this 1302 agg_arg = agg.this 1303 cond = expression.expression.this 1304 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1305 return self.sql(agg) 1306 1307 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1308 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1309 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1310 return "" 1311 1312 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1313 1314 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1315 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1316 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1317 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1318 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1319 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1320 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1321 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1322 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1323 if include: 1324 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1325 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1326 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1327 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1328 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1329 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1330 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1331 1332 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1333 1334 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1335 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1336 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1337 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1338 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1339 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1340 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1341 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1342 1343 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1344 1345 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1346 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1347 1348 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1349 text = expression.name 1350 lower = text.lower() 1351 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1352 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1353 if ( 1354 expression.quoted 1355 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1356 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1357 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1358 ): 1359 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1360 return text 1361 1362 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1363 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1364 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1365 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1366 1367 return text 1368 1369 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1370 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1371 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1372 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1373 return text 1374 1375 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1376 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1377 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1378 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1379 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1380 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1381 1382 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1383 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1384 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1385 1386 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1387 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1388 1389 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1390 root_properties = [] 1391 with_properties = [] 1392 1393 for p in expression.expressions: 1394 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1395 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1396 with_properties.append(p) 1397 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1398 root_properties.append(p) 1399 1400 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1401 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1402 1403 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1404 with_props = " " + with_props 1405 1406 return root_props + with_props 1407 1408 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1409 if properties.expressions: 1410 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1411 return "" 1412 1413 def properties( 1414 self, 1415 properties: exp.Properties, 1416 prefix: str = "", 1417 sep: str = ", ", 1418 suffix: str = "", 1419 wrapped: bool = True, 1420 ) -> str: 1421 if properties.expressions: 1422 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1423 if expressions: 1424 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1425 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1426 return "" 1427 1428 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1429 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1430 1431 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1432 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1433 for p in properties.expressions: 1434 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1435 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1436 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1437 else: 1438 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1439 1440 return properties_locs 1441 1442 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1443 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1444 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1445 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1446 1447 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1448 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1449 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1450 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1451 1452 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1453 if not property_name: 1454 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1455 1456 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1457 1458 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1459 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1460 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1461 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1462 1463 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1464 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1465 like = f"({like})" 1466 1467 return like 1468 1469 if expression.expressions: 1470 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1471 1472 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1473 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1474 1475 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1476 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1477 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1478 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1479 1480 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1481 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1482 local = expression.args.get("local") 1483 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1484 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1485 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1486 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1487 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1488 1489 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1490 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1491 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1492 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1493 1494 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1495 if expression.args.get("default"): 1496 property = "DEFAULT" 1497 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1498 property = "ON" 1499 else: 1500 property = "OFF" 1501 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1502 1503 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1504 if expression.args.get("no"): 1505 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1506 if expression.args.get("default"): 1507 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1508 1509 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1510 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1511 1512 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1513 default = expression.args.get("default") 1514 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1515 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1516 if default or minimum or maximum: 1517 if default: 1518 prop = "DEFAULT" 1519 elif minimum: 1520 prop = "MINIMUM" 1521 else: 1522 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1523 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1524 units = expression.args.get("units") 1525 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1526 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1527 1528 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1529 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1530 always = expression.args.get("always") 1531 default = expression.args.get("default") 1532 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1533 never = expression.args.get("never") 1534 1535 if autotemp is not None: 1536 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1537 elif always: 1538 prop = "ALWAYS" 1539 elif default: 1540 prop = "DEFAULT" 1541 elif manual: 1542 prop = "MANUAL" 1543 elif never: 1544 prop = "NEVER" 1545 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1546 1547 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1548 no = expression.args.get("no") 1549 no = " NO" if no else "" 1550 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1551 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1552 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1553 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1554 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1555 1556 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1557 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1558 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1559 if expression.this: 1560 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1561 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1562 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1563 1564 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1565 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1566 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1567 1568 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1569 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1570 1571 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1572 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1573 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1574 else: 1575 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1576 1577 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1578 1579 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1580 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1581 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1582 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1583 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1584 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1585 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1586 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1587 1588 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1589 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1590 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1591 statistics_sql = "" 1592 if statistics is not None: 1593 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1594 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1595 1596 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1597 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1598 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1599 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1600 data_consistency = ( 1601 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1602 ) 1603 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1604 retention_period = ( 1605 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1606 ) 1607 1608 if this: 1609 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1610 else: 1611 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1612 1613 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1614 1615 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1616 1617 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1618 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1619 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1620 1621 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1622 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1623 else: 1624 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1625 1626 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1627 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1628 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1629 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1630 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1631 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1632 if is_function: 1633 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1634 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1635 1636 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1637 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1638 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1639 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1640 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1641 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1642 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1643 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1644 1645 if self.RETURNING_END: 1646 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1647 else: 1648 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1649 1650 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{where}{expression_sql}" 1651 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1652 1653 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1654 return self.set_operations(expression) 1655 1656 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1657 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1658 1659 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1660 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1661 1662 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1663 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1664 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1665 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1666 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1667 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1668 1669 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1670 return expression.name 1671 1672 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1673 return expression.name 1674 1675 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1676 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1677 1678 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1679 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1680 1681 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1682 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1683 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1684 1685 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1686 if expressions: 1687 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1688 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1689 1690 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1691 1692 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1693 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1694 1695 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1696 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1697 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1698 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1699 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1700 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1701 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1702 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1703 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1704 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1705 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1706 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1707 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1708 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1709 1710 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1711 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1712 1713 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1714 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1715 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1716 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1717 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1718 1719 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1720 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1721 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1722 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1723 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1724 1725 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1726 return ".".join( 1727 self.sql(part) 1728 for part in ( 1729 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1730 expression.args.get("db"), 1731 expression.args.get("this"), 1732 ) 1733 if part is not None 1734 ) 1735 1736 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1737 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1738 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1739 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1740 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1741 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1742 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1743 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1744 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1745 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1746 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1747 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1748 joins = self.indent( 1749 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1750 ) 1751 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1752 1753 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1754 if file_format: 1755 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1756 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1757 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1758 1759 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1760 if ordinality: 1761 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1762 alias = "" 1763 1764 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1765 if when: 1766 table = f"{table} {when}" 1767 1768 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1769 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1770 1771 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1772 if rows_from: 1773 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1774 1775 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1776 1777 def tablesample_sql( 1778 self, 1779 expression: exp.TableSample, 1780 sep: str = " AS ", 1781 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1782 ) -> str: 1783 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1784 table = expression.this.copy() 1785 table.set("alias", None) 1786 this = self.sql(table) 1787 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1788 else: 1789 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1790 alias = "" 1791 1792 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1793 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1794 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1795 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1796 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1797 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1798 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1799 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1800 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1801 1802 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1803 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1804 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1805 1806 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1807 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1808 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1809 1810 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1811 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1812 expr = f"({expr})" 1813 1814 return ( 1815 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1816 ) 1817 1818 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1819 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1820 1821 if expression.this: 1822 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1823 if not expressions: 1824 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1825 1826 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1827 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1828 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1829 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1830 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1831 1832 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1833 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1834 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1835 1836 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1837 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1838 field = f"IN ({field})" 1839 1840 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1841 if include_nulls is not None: 1842 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1843 else: 1844 nulls = "" 1845 1846 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1847 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1848 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1849 1850 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1851 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1852 kind = expression.text("kind") 1853 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1854 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1855 1856 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1857 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1858 1859 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1860 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1861 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1862 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1863 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1864 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1865 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1866 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1867 if self.RETURNING_END: 1868 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1869 else: 1870 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1871 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1872 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1873 1874 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1875 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1876 1877 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1878 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1879 args = self.expressions(expression) 1880 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1881 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1882 values = ( 1883 f"({values})" 1884 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1885 else values 1886 ) 1887 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1888 1889 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1890 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1891 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1892 1893 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1894 1895 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1896 row = tup.expressions 1897 1898 if i == 0 and column_names: 1899 row = [ 1900 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1901 ] 1902 1903 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1904 1905 if self.pretty: 1906 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1907 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1908 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1909 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1910 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1911 1912 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1913 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1914 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1915 1916 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1917 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1918 1919 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1920 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1921 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1922 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1923 1924 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1925 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1926 1927 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1928 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1929 if group_by_all is True: 1930 modifier = " ALL" 1931 elif group_by_all is False: 1932 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1933 else: 1934 modifier = "" 1935 1936 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1937 1938 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1939 grouping_sets = ( 1940 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1941 ) 1942 1943 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1944 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1945 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1946 else: 1947 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1948 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1949 1950 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1951 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1952 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1953 else: 1954 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1955 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1956 1957 groupings = csv( 1958 grouping_sets, 1959 cube_sql, 1960 rollup_sql, 1961 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1962 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1963 ) 1964 1965 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1966 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1967 1968 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1969 1970 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1971 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1972 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1973 1974 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1975 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1976 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1977 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1978 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1979 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1980 return start + connect 1981 1982 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 1983 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1984 1985 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1986 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 1987 side = None 1988 else: 1989 side = expression.side 1990 1991 op_sql = " ".join( 1992 op 1993 for op in ( 1994 expression.method, 1995 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1996 side, 1997 expression.kind, 1998 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1999 ) 2000 if op 2001 ) 2002 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2003 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2004 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2005 using = expression.args.get("using") 2006 2007 if not on_sql and using: 2008 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2009 2010 this = expression.this 2011 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2012 2013 if on_sql: 2014 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2015 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2016 if using: 2017 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2018 else: 2019 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2020 elif not op_sql: 2021 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2022 return f" {this_sql}" 2023 2024 return f", {this_sql}" 2025 2026 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2027 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2028 2029 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2030 2031 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2032 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2033 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2034 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2035 2036 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2037 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2038 2039 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2040 if cross_apply is True: 2041 op = "INNER JOIN " 2042 elif cross_apply is False: 2043 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2044 else: 2045 op = "" 2046 2047 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2048 2049 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2050 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2051 2052 if expression.args.get("view"): 2053 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2054 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2055 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2056 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2057 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2058 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2059 2060 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2061 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2062 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2063 2064 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2065 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2066 2067 args = [ 2068 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2069 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2070 if e 2071 ] 2072 2073 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2074 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2075 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2076 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2077 2078 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2079 2080 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2081 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2082 value = expression.expression 2083 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2084 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2085 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2086 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2087 2088 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2089 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2090 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2091 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2092 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2093 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2094 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2095 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2096 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2097 2098 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2099 expressions = ( 2100 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2101 ) 2102 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2103 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2104 2105 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2106 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2107 2108 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2109 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2110 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2111 return "" 2112 2113 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2114 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2115 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2116 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2117 2118 if wait is not None: 2119 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2120 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2121 else: 2122 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2123 2124 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2125 2126 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2127 text = expression.this or "" 2128 if expression.is_string: 2129 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2130 return text 2131 2132 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2133 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2134 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2135 text = "".join( 2136 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2137 ) 2138 2139 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2140 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2141 ) 2142 2143 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2144 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2145 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2146 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2147 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2148 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2149 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2150 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2151 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2152 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2153 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2154 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2155 2156 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2157 return "NULL" 2158 2159 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2160 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2161 2162 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2163 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2164 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2165 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2166 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2167 interpolated_values = [ 2168 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2169 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2170 ] 2171 interpolate = ( 2172 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2173 ) 2174 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2175 2176 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2177 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2178 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2179 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2180 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2181 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2182 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2183 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2184 2185 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2186 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2187 2188 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2189 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2190 2191 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2192 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2193 2194 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2195 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2196 asc = not desc 2197 2198 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2199 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2200 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2201 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2202 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2203 2204 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2205 2206 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2207 nulls_sort_change = "" 2208 if nulls_first and ( 2209 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2210 ): 2211 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2212 elif ( 2213 nulls_last 2214 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2215 and not nulls_are_last 2216 ): 2217 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2218 2219 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2220 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2221 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2222 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2223 self.unsupported( 2224 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2225 ) 2226 nulls_sort_change = "" 2227 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2228 if expression.this.is_int: 2229 self.unsupported( 2230 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2231 ) 2232 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2233 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2234 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2235 nulls_sort_change = "" 2236 2237 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2238 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2239 2240 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2241 2242 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2243 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2244 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2245 2246 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2247 2248 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2249 2250 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2251 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2252 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2253 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2254 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2255 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2256 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2257 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2258 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2259 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2260 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2261 definition_sqls = [ 2262 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2263 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2264 ] 2265 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2266 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2267 body = "".join( 2268 ( 2269 partition, 2270 order, 2271 measures, 2272 rows, 2273 after, 2274 pattern, 2275 define, 2276 ) 2277 ) 2278 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2279 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2280 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2281 2282 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2283 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2284 2285 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2286 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2287 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2288 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2289 2290 return csv( 2291 *sqls, 2292 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2293 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2294 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2295 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2296 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2297 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2298 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2299 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2300 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2301 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2302 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2303 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2304 self.options_modifier(expression), 2305 sep="", 2306 ) 2307 2308 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2309 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2310 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2311 2312 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2313 return "" 2314 2315 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2316 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2317 ) -> t.List[str]: 2318 return [ 2319 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2320 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2321 ] 2322 2323 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2324 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2325 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2326 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2327 2328 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2329 into = expression.args.get("into") 2330 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2331 into.pop() 2332 2333 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2334 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2335 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2336 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2337 2338 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2339 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2340 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2341 limit.pop() 2342 else: 2343 top = "" 2344 2345 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2346 2347 if kind: 2348 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2349 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2350 else: 2351 if kind == "STRUCT": 2352 expressions = self.expressions( 2353 sqls=[ 2354 self.sql( 2355 exp.Struct( 2356 expressions=[ 2357 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2358 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2359 else e 2360 for e in expression.expressions 2361 ] 2362 ) 2363 ) 2364 ] 2365 ) 2366 kind = "" 2367 2368 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2369 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2370 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2371 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2372 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2373 expression, 2374 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2375 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2376 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2377 ) 2378 2379 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2380 2381 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2382 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2383 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2384 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2385 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2386 else: 2387 table_kind = "" 2388 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2389 2390 return sql 2391 2392 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2393 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2394 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2395 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2396 2397 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2398 if expression.expressions: 2399 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2400 return "" 2401 2402 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2403 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2404 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2405 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2406 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2407 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2408 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2409 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2410 2411 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2412 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2413 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2414 2415 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2416 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2417 kind = expression.text("kind") 2418 if kind: 2419 kind = f"{kind}." 2420 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2421 2422 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2423 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2424 2425 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2426 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2427 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2428 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2429 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2430 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2431 2432 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2433 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2434 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2435 2436 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2437 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2438 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2439 order = expression.args.get("order") 2440 2441 if limit or order: 2442 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2443 2444 if limit: 2445 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2446 if order: 2447 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2448 return self.sql(select) 2449 2450 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2451 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2452 2453 while stack: 2454 node = stack.pop() 2455 2456 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2457 stack.append(node.expression) 2458 stack.append( 2459 self.maybe_comment( 2460 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2461 comments=node.comments, 2462 separated=True, 2463 ) 2464 ) 2465 stack.append(node.this) 2466 else: 2467 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2468 2469 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2470 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2471 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2472 2473 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2474 return self.set_operations(expression) 2475 2476 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2477 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2478 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2479 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2480 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2481 2482 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2483 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2484 2485 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2486 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2487 2488 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2489 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2490 alias.append("columns", offset) 2491 2492 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2493 columns = alias.columns 2494 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2495 else: 2496 alias = self.sql(alias) 2497 2498 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2499 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2500 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2501 else: 2502 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2503 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2504 elif offset: 2505 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2506 else: 2507 suffix = alias 2508 2509 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2510 2511 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2512 return "" 2513 2514 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2515 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2516 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2517 2518 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2519 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2520 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2521 order = expression.args.get("order") 2522 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2523 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2524 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2525 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2526 2527 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2528 2529 first = expression.args.get("first") 2530 if first is None: 2531 first = "" 2532 else: 2533 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2534 2535 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2536 return f"{this} {alias}" 2537 2538 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2539 return f"{this} ({args})" 2540 2541 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2542 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2543 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2544 2545 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2546 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2547 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2548 end = ( 2549 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2550 or "CURRENT ROW" 2551 ) 2552 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2553 2554 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2555 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2556 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2557 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2558 2559 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2560 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2561 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2562 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2563 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2564 2565 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2566 return apply_index_offset( 2567 expression.this, 2568 expression.expressions, 2569 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2570 ) 2571 2572 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2573 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2574 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2575 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2576 2577 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2578 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2579 2580 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2581 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2582 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2583 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2584 this = self.wrap(this) 2585 return f"ANY{this}" 2586 return f"ANY {this}" 2587 2588 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2589 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2590 2591 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2592 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2593 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2594 2595 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2596 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2597 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2598 2599 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2600 2601 if default: 2602 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2603 2604 statements.append("END") 2605 2606 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2607 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2608 2609 return " ".join(statements) 2610 2611 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2612 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2613 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2614 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2615 2616 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2617 order = expression.args.get("order") 2618 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2619 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2620 2621 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2622 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2623 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2624 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2625 2626 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2627 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2628 2629 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2630 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2631 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2632 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2633 else: 2634 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2635 2636 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2637 args = expression.expressions 2638 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2639 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2640 2641 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2642 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2643 2644 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2645 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2646 2647 return args 2648 2649 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2650 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2651 2652 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2653 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2654 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2655 2656 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2657 2658 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2659 return self.func( 2660 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2661 ) 2662 2663 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2664 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2665 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2666 2667 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2668 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2669 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2670 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2671 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2672 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2673 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2674 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2675 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2676 2677 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2678 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2679 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2680 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2681 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2682 2683 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2684 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2685 2686 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2687 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2688 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2689 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2690 2691 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2692 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2693 2694 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2695 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2696 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2697 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2698 2699 return path 2700 2701 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2702 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2703 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2704 if not callable(transform): 2705 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2706 return "" 2707 2708 return transform(self, expression) 2709 2710 if isinstance(expression, int): 2711 return str(expression) 2712 2713 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2714 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2715 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2716 else: 2717 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2718 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2719 2720 return escaped 2721 2722 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2723 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2724 2725 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2726 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2727 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2728 2729 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2730 if unique_keys is not None: 2731 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2732 else: 2733 unique_keys = "" 2734 2735 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2736 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2737 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2738 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2739 2740 return self.func( 2741 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2742 *expression.expressions, 2743 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2744 ) 2745 2746 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2747 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2748 2749 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2750 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2751 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2752 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2753 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2754 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2755 return self.func( 2756 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2757 ) 2758 2759 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2760 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2761 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2762 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2763 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2764 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2765 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2766 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2767 return self.func( 2768 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2769 this, 2770 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2771 ) 2772 2773 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2774 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2775 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2776 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2777 2778 if nested_schema: 2779 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2780 2781 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2782 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2783 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2784 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2785 2786 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2787 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2788 2789 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2790 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2791 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2792 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2793 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2794 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2795 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2796 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2797 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2798 return self.func( 2799 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2800 ) 2801 2802 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2803 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2804 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2805 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2806 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2807 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2808 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2809 2810 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2811 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2812 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2813 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2814 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2815 with_ = ( 2816 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2817 if expressions 2818 else "" 2819 ) 2820 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2821 2822 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2823 query = expression.args.get("query") 2824 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2825 field = expression.args.get("field") 2826 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2827 2828 if query: 2829 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2830 elif unnest: 2831 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2832 elif field: 2833 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2834 else: 2835 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2836 2837 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2838 2839 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2840 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2841 2842 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2843 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2844 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2845 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2846 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2847 2848 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2849 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2850 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2851 2852 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2853 if this: 2854 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2855 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2856 2857 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2858 2859 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2860 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2861 2862 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2863 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2864 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2865 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2866 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2867 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2868 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2869 2870 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2871 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2872 2873 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2874 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2875 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2876 2877 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2878 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2879 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2880 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2881 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2882 2883 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2884 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2885 2886 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2887 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2888 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2889 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2890 2891 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2892 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2893 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2894 2895 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2896 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2897 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2898 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2899 2900 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2901 2902 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2903 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2904 2905 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2906 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2907 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2908 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2909 2910 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2911 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2912 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2913 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2914 2915 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2916 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2917 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2918 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2919 2920 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2921 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2922 2923 def and_sql( 2924 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2925 ) -> str: 2926 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2927 2928 def or_sql( 2929 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2930 ) -> str: 2931 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2932 2933 def xor_sql( 2934 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2935 ) -> str: 2936 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2937 2938 def connector_sql( 2939 self, 2940 expression: exp.Connector, 2941 op: str, 2942 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2943 ) -> str: 2944 if stack is not None: 2945 if expression.expressions: 2946 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2947 else: 2948 stack.append(expression.right) 2949 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2950 for comment in expression.comments: 2951 if comment: 2952 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2953 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2954 return op 2955 2956 stack = [expression] 2957 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2958 ops = set() 2959 2960 while stack: 2961 node = stack.pop() 2962 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2963 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2964 else: 2965 sql = self.sql(node) 2966 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2967 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2968 else: 2969 sqls.append(sql) 2970 2971 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2972 return sep.join(sqls) 2973 2974 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2975 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2976 2977 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 2978 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 2979 2980 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 2981 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2982 2983 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 2984 return self.binary(expression, "|") 2985 2986 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 2987 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 2988 2989 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 2990 return self.binary(expression, "^") 2991 2992 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 2993 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 2994 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 2995 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2996 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2997 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 2998 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 2999 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3000 3001 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3002 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3003 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3004 3005 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3006 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3007 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3008 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3009 3010 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3011 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3012 3013 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3014 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3015 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3016 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3017 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3018 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3019 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3020 3021 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3022 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3023 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3024 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3025 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3026 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3027 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3028 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3029 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3030 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3031 3032 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3033 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3034 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3035 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3036 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3037 3038 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3039 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3040 3041 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3042 3043 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3044 return "BEGIN" 3045 3046 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3047 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3048 if chain is not None: 3049 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3050 3051 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3052 3053 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3054 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3055 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3056 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3057 3058 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3059 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3060 3061 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3062 if dtype: 3063 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3064 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3065 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3066 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3067 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3068 3069 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3070 if default: 3071 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3072 3073 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3074 if comment: 3075 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3076 3077 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3078 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3079 3080 if not drop and not allow_null: 3081 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3082 3083 if allow_null is not None: 3084 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3085 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3086 3087 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3088 3089 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3090 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3091 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3092 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3093 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3094 3095 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3096 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3097 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3098 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3099 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3100 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3101 3102 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3103 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3104 # Remove db from tables 3105 expression = expression.transform( 3106 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3107 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3108 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3109 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3110 3111 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3112 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3113 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3114 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3115 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3116 3117 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3118 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3119 return f"SET {exprs}" 3120 3121 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3122 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3123 3124 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3125 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3126 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3127 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3128 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3129 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3130 else: 3131 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3132 3133 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3134 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3135 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3136 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3137 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3138 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3139 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3140 3141 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3142 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3143 return self.expressions( 3144 expression, 3145 key="actions", 3146 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3147 skip_first=True, 3148 ) 3149 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3150 3151 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3152 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3153 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3154 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3155 3156 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3157 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3158 3159 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3160 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3161 3162 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3163 case = exp.case() 3164 for arg in expression.expressions: 3165 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3166 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3167 3168 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3169 3170 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3171 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3172 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3173 3174 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3175 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3176 3177 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3178 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3179 3180 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3181 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3182 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3183 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3184 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3185 3186 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3187 return self.sql( 3188 exp.Cast( 3189 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3190 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3191 ) 3192 ) 3193 3194 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3195 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3196 return self.func( 3197 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3198 ) 3199 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3200 3201 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3202 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3203 3204 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3205 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3206 3207 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3208 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3209 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3210 3211 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3212 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3213 return self.sql( 3214 exp.cast( 3215 l / r, 3216 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3217 ) 3218 ) 3219 3220 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3221 3222 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3223 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3224 3225 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3226 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3227 3228 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3229 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3230 3231 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3232 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3233 3234 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3235 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3236 3237 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3238 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3239 3240 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3241 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3242 3243 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3244 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3245 3246 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3247 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3248 3249 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3250 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3251 3252 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3253 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3254 3255 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3256 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3257 return self.sql( 3258 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3259 ) 3260 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3261 3262 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3263 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3264 3265 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3266 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3267 3268 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3269 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3270 3271 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3272 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3273 3274 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3275 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3276 3277 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3278 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3279 3280 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3281 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3282 3283 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3284 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3285 3286 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3287 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3288 3289 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3290 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3291 3292 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3293 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3294 3295 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3296 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3297 3298 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3299 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3300 3301 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3302 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3303 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3304 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3305 3306 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3307 3308 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3309 this = expression.this 3310 expr = expression.expression 3311 3312 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3313 this, expr = expr, this 3314 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3315 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3316 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3317 3318 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3319 3320 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3321 3322 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3323 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3324 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3325 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3326 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3327 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3328 3329 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3330 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3331 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3332 3333 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3334 args = [] 3335 3336 for key in expression.arg_types: 3337 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3338 3339 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3340 for value in arg_value: 3341 args.append(value) 3342 elif arg_value is not None: 3343 args.append(arg_value) 3344 3345 if self.normalize_functions: 3346 name = expression.sql_name() 3347 else: 3348 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3349 3350 return self.func(name, *args) 3351 3352 def func( 3353 self, 3354 name: str, 3355 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3356 prefix: str = "(", 3357 suffix: str = ")", 3358 ) -> str: 3359 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3360 3361 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3362 arg_sqls = tuple( 3363 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3364 ) 3365 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3366 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3367 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3368 3369 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3370 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3371 3372 def format_time( 3373 self, 3374 expression: exp.Expression, 3375 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3376 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3377 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3378 return format_time( 3379 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3380 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3381 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3382 ) 3383 3384 def expressions( 3385 self, 3386 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3387 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3388 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3389 flat: bool = False, 3390 indent: bool = True, 3391 skip_first: bool = False, 3392 skip_last: bool = False, 3393 sep: str = ", ", 3394 prefix: str = "", 3395 dynamic: bool = False, 3396 new_line: bool = False, 3397 ) -> str: 3398 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3399 3400 if not expressions: 3401 return "" 3402 3403 if flat: 3404 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3405 3406 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3407 result_sqls = [] 3408 3409 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3410 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3411 if not sql: 3412 continue 3413 3414 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3415 3416 if self.pretty: 3417 if self.leading_comma: 3418 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3419 else: 3420 result_sqls.append( 3421 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3422 ) 3423 else: 3424 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3425 3426 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3427 if new_line: 3428 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3429 result_sqls.append("") 3430 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3431 else: 3432 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3433 return ( 3434 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3435 if indent 3436 else result_sql 3437 ) 3438 3439 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3440 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3441 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3442 if flat: 3443 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3444 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3445 3446 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3447 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3448 if not property_name: 3449 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3450 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3451 3452 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3453 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3454 3455 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3456 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3457 3458 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3459 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3460 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3461 expressions = ( 3462 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3463 ) 3464 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3465 3466 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3467 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3468 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3469 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3470 3471 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3472 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3473 3474 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3475 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3476 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3477 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3478 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3479 3480 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3481 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3482 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3483 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3484 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3485 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3486 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3487 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3488 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3489 else: 3490 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3491 else: 3492 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3493 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3494 3495 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3496 table = expression.this 3497 table_alias = "" 3498 3499 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3500 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3501 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3502 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3503 3504 this = self.sql(table) 3505 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3506 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3507 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3508 sep = self.sep() 3509 3510 return self.prepend_ctes( 3511 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3512 ) 3513 3514 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3515 if expression.args.get("format"): 3516 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3517 3518 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3519 3520 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3521 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3522 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3523 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3524 3525 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3526 if not fmt: 3527 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3528 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3529 3530 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3531 3532 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3533 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3534 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3535 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3536 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3537 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3538 3539 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3540 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3541 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3542 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3543 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3544 3545 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3546 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3547 3548 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3549 return "" 3550 3551 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3552 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3553 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3554 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3555 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3556 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3557 3558 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3559 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3560 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3561 3562 if having: 3563 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3564 3565 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3566 3567 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3568 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3569 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3570 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3571 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3572 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3573 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3574 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3575 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3576 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3577 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3578 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3579 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3580 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3581 3582 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3583 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3584 if key_block_size: 3585 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3586 3587 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3588 if using: 3589 return f"USING {using}" 3590 3591 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3592 if parser: 3593 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3594 3595 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3596 if comment: 3597 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3598 3599 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3600 if visible is not None: 3601 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3602 3603 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3604 if engine_attr: 3605 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3606 3607 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3608 if secondary_engine_attr: 3609 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3610 3611 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3612 return "" 3613 3614 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3615 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3616 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3617 3618 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3619 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3620 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3621 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3622 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3623 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3624 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3625 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3626 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3627 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3628 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3629 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3630 3631 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3632 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3633 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3634 3635 case = exp.Case().when( 3636 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3637 expression.args["true"], 3638 copy=False, 3639 ) 3640 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3641 if else_cond: 3642 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3643 3644 return self.sql(case) 3645 3646 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3647 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3648 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3649 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3650 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3651 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3652 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3653 3654 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3655 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3656 3657 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3658 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3659 3660 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3661 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3662 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3663 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3664 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3665 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3666 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3667 3668 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3669 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3670 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3671 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3672 3673 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3674 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3675 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3676 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3677 3678 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3679 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3680 3681 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3682 arg = expression.this 3683 if not arg.type: 3684 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3685 3686 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3687 3688 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3689 return self.sql(arg) 3690 3691 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3692 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3693 3694 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3695 this = expression.this 3696 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3697 return self.sql(this) 3698 3699 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3700 3701 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3702 this = expression.this 3703 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3704 return self.sql(this) 3705 3706 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3707 3708 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3709 this = expression.this 3710 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3711 3712 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3713 return self.sql( 3714 exp.cast( 3715 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3716 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3717 ) 3718 ) 3719 3720 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3721 return self.sql(this) 3722 3723 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3724 3725 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3726 return self.sql( 3727 exp.func( 3728 "DATEDIFF", 3729 expression.this, 3730 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3731 "day", 3732 ) 3733 ) 3734 3735 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3736 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3737 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3738 3739 unit = expression.text("unit") 3740 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3741 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3742 3743 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3744 3745 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3746 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3747 3748 return self.func( 3749 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3750 ) 3751 3752 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3753 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3754 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3755 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3756 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3757 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3758 3759 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3760 3761 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3762 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3763 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3764 3765 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3766 3767 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3768 expression.set( 3769 "expressions", 3770 [ 3771 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3772 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3773 else e 3774 for e in expression.expressions 3775 ], 3776 ) 3777 3778 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3779 3780 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3781 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3782 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3783 3784 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3785 3786 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3787 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3788 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3789 3790 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3791 3792 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3793 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3794 3795 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3796 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3797 3798 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3799 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3800 3801 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3802 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3803 3804 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3805 3806 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3807 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3808 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3809 to = expression.this 3810 value = expression.expression 3811 style = expression.args.get("style") 3812 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3813 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3814 3815 if not to or not value: 3816 return "" 3817 3818 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3819 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3820 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3821 3822 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3823 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3824 3825 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3826 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3827 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3828 3829 style_value = style.name 3830 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3831 if not converted_style: 3832 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3833 3834 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3835 3836 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3837 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3838 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3839 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3840 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3841 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3842 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3843 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3844 3845 if not transformed: 3846 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3847 3848 return self.sql(transformed) 3849 3850 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3851 this = expression.this 3852 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3853 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3854 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3855 3856 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3857 return f".{this}" 3858 3859 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3860 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3861 3862 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3863 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3864 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3865 3866 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3867 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3868 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3869 3870 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3871 3872 return expression 3873 3874 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3875 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3876 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3877 mods = sorted( 3878 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3879 key=lambda x: 0 3880 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3881 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3882 ) 3883 3884 if mods: 3885 mod = mods[0] 3886 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3887 this.meta["inline"] = True 3888 mod.this.replace(this) 3889 return self.sql(expression.this) 3890 3891 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3892 3893 if agg_func: 3894 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3895 3896 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3897 3898 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3899 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3900 if self.pretty: 3901 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3902 return string 3903 3904 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3905 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3906 3907 if expression.expressions: 3908 upper = option.upper() 3909 3910 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3911 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3912 3913 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3914 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3915 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3916 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3917 3918 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3919 3920 if not value: 3921 return option 3922 3923 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3924 3925 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3926 3927 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3928 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3929 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3930 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3931 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3932 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3933 else: 3934 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3935 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3936 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3937 3938 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3939 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3940 3941 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3942 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3943 3944 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3945 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3946 3947 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3948 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3949 3950 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3951 3952 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3953 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3954 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3955 3956 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3957 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3958 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3959 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3960 3961 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3962 params = self.expressions( 3963 expression, 3964 key="params", 3965 sep=sep, 3966 new_line=True, 3967 skip_last=True, 3968 skip_first=True, 3969 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3970 ) 3971 3972 if params: 3973 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3974 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3975 elif not self.pretty: 3976 params = f" {params}" 3977 3978 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 3979 3980 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 3981 return "" 3982 3983 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 3984 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 3985 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 3986 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 3987 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 3988 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 3989 3990 if filter_col or retention_period: 3991 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 3992 3993 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 3994 3995 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 3996 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 3997 ) -> str: 3998 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3999 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4000 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4001 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4002 4003 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4004 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4005 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4006 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4007 4008 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4009 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4010 4011 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4012 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4013 expr = expression.expression 4014 4015 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4016 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4017 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4018 else: 4019 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4020 4021 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4022 4023 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4024 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4025 return self.sql(expression.this) 4026 4027 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4028 4029 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4030 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4031 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4032 4033 if lower and upper: 4034 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4035 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4036 4037 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4038 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4039 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4040 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4041 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4042 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4043 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4044 4045 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4046 4047 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4048 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4049 4050 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4051 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4052 fill_pattern = "' '" 4053 4054 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4055 4056 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4057 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4058 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4059 4060 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4061 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4062 4063 parent = expression.parent 4064 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4065 parent = parent.parent 4066 4067 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4068 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4069 4070 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4071 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4072 4073 return self.sql(generate_series) 4074 4075 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4076 exprs = expression.expressions 4077 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4078 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4079 else: 4080 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4081 4082 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs)
Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.
Arguments:
- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the
indentation of subqueries and filters under a
WHERE
clause. Default: 2. - normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
Generator( pretty: Optional[bool] = None, identify: str | bool = False, normalize: bool = False, pad: int = 2, indent: int = 2, normalize_functions: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None, unsupported_level: sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel = <ErrorLevel.WARN: 'WARN'>, max_unsupported: int = 3, leading_comma: bool = False, max_text_width: int = 80, comments: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None)
578 def __init__( 579 self, 580 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 581 identify: str | bool = False, 582 normalize: bool = False, 583 pad: int = 2, 584 indent: int = 2, 585 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 586 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 587 max_unsupported: int = 3, 588 leading_comma: bool = False, 589 max_text_width: int = 80, 590 comments: bool = True, 591 dialect: DialectType = None, 592 ): 593 import sqlglot 594 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 595 596 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 597 self.identify = identify 598 self.normalize = normalize 599 self.pad = pad 600 self._indent = indent 601 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 602 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 603 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 604 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 605 self.comments = comments 606 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 607 608 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 609 self.normalize_functions = ( 610 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 611 ) 612 613 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 614 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 615 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 616 ) 617 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 618 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 619 ) 620 621 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t")
TRANSFORMS: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Callable[..., str]] =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>}
TYPE_MAPPING =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY'}
TIME_PART_SINGULARS =
{'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'WEEKS': 'WEEK', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'YEARS': 'YEAR'}
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS =
{'cluster': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'distribute': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'sort': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Command'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Drop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.From'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Join'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Where'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>)
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>)
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>}
623 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 624 """ 625 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 626 627 Args: 628 expression: The syntax tree. 629 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 630 it is safer to copy. 631 632 Returns: 633 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 634 """ 635 if copy: 636 expression = expression.copy() 637 638 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 639 640 self.unsupported_messages = [] 641 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 642 643 if self.pretty: 644 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 645 646 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 647 return sql 648 649 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 650 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 651 logger.warning(msg) 652 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 653 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 654 655 return sql
Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree.
Arguments:
- expression: The syntax tree.
- copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so it is safer to copy.
Returns:
The SQL string corresponding to
expression
.
def
preprocess( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
657 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 658 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 659 if ( 660 not expression.parent 661 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 662 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 663 ): 664 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 665 666 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 667 668 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 669 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 670 671 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 672 673 return expression
Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.
def
maybe_comment( self, sql: str, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, comments: Optional[List[str]] = None, separated: bool = False) -> str:
691 def maybe_comment( 692 self, 693 sql: str, 694 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 695 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 696 separated: bool = False, 697 ) -> str: 698 comments = ( 699 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 700 if self.comments 701 else None 702 ) 703 704 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 705 return sql 706 707 comments_sql = " ".join( 708 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 709 ) 710 711 if not comments_sql: 712 return sql 713 714 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 715 716 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 717 return ( 718 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 719 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 720 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 721 ) 722 723 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}"
725 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 726 this_sql = ( 727 self.sql(expression) 728 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 729 else self.sql(expression, "this") 730 ) 731 if not this_sql: 732 return "()" 733 734 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 735 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}"
def
indent( self, sql: str, level: int = 0, pad: Optional[int] = None, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False) -> str:
751 def indent( 752 self, 753 sql: str, 754 level: int = 0, 755 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 756 skip_first: bool = False, 757 skip_last: bool = False, 758 ) -> str: 759 if not self.pretty or not sql: 760 return sql 761 762 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 763 lines = sql.split("\n") 764 765 return "\n".join( 766 ( 767 line 768 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 769 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 770 ) 771 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 772 )
def
sql( self, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], key: Optional[str] = None, comment: bool = True) -> str:
774 def sql( 775 self, 776 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 777 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 778 comment: bool = True, 779 ) -> str: 780 if not expression: 781 return "" 782 783 if isinstance(expression, str): 784 return expression 785 786 if key: 787 value = expression.args.get(key) 788 if value: 789 return self.sql(value) 790 return "" 791 792 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 793 794 if callable(transform): 795 sql = transform(self, expression) 796 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 797 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 798 799 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 800 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 801 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 802 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 803 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 804 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 805 else: 806 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 807 else: 808 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 809 810 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql
817 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 818 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 819 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 820 options = expression.args.get("options") 821 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 822 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 823 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 824 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 825 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
827 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 828 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 829 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 830 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 831 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
845 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 846 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 847 848 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 849 join_mark = "" 850 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 851 852 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}"
860 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 861 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 862 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 863 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 864 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 865 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 866 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 867 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 868 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 869 870 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 871 kind = "" 872 873 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}"
def
computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
880 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 881 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 882 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 883 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 884 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 885 persisted = " PERSISTED" 886 else: 887 persisted = "" 888 return f"AS {this}{persisted}"
def
compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
901 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 902 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 903 ) -> str: 904 this = "" 905 if expression.this is not None: 906 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 907 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 908 909 start = expression.args.get("start") 910 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 911 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 912 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 913 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 914 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 915 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 916 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 917 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 918 cycle_sql = "" 919 920 if cycle is not None: 921 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 922 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 923 924 sequence_opts = "" 925 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 926 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 927 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 928 929 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 930 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 931 932 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}"
def
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint) -> str:
def
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str:
958 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 959 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 960 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 961 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 962 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 963 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 964 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 965 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 966 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}"
971 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 972 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 973 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 974 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 975 976 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 977 978 properties_sql = "" 979 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 980 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 981 ): 982 properties_sql = self.sql( 983 exp.Properties( 984 expressions=[ 985 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 986 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 987 ] 988 ) 989 ) 990 991 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 992 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 993 elif not self.pretty: 994 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 995 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 996 997 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 998 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 999 1000 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1001 if expression_sql: 1002 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1003 1004 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1005 postalias_props_sql = "" 1006 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1007 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1008 exp.Properties( 1009 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1010 ), 1011 wrapped=False, 1012 ) 1013 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1014 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1015 1016 postindex_props_sql = "" 1017 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1018 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1019 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1020 wrapped=False, 1021 prefix=" ", 1022 ) 1023 1024 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1025 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1026 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1027 1028 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1029 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1030 1031 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1032 if clustered is None: 1033 clustered_sql = "" 1034 elif clustered: 1035 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1036 else: 1037 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1038 1039 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1040 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1041 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1042 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1043 sep=" ", 1044 prefix=" ", 1045 wrapped=False, 1046 ) 1047 1048 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1049 1050 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1051 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1052 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1053 exp.Properties( 1054 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1055 ), 1056 sep=" ", 1057 prefix=" ", 1058 wrapped=False, 1059 ) 1060 1061 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1062 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1063 no_schema_binding = ( 1064 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1065 ) 1066 1067 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1068 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1069 1070 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1071 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql)
1073 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1074 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1075 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1076 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1077 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1078 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1079 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1080 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1081 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1082 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1083 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1084 1085 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1086 if cache is None: 1087 cache_str = "" 1088 elif cache is True: 1089 cache_str = " CACHE" 1090 else: 1091 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1092 1093 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1094 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1095 1096 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip()
1098 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1099 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1100 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1101 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1102 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}"
1129 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1130 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1131 1132 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1133 if materialized is False: 1134 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1135 elif materialized: 1136 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1137 1138 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}"
1140 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1141 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1142 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1143 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1144 1145 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1146 columns = "" 1147 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1148 1149 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1150 alias = self._next_name() 1151 1152 return f"{alias}{columns}"
1172 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1173 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1174 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1175 1176 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1177 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1178 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1179 else: 1180 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1181 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1182 1183 if escape: 1184 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1185 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1186 else: 1187 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1188 escape_sql = "" 1189 1190 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1191 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1192 1193 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}"
1205 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1206 type_value = expression.this 1207 1208 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1209 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1210 else: 1211 type_sql = ( 1212 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1213 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1214 else type_value 1215 ) 1216 1217 nested = "" 1218 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1219 values = "" 1220 1221 if interior: 1222 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1223 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1224 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1225 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1226 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1227 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1228 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1229 nested = f" {interior}" 1230 else: 1231 nested = f"({interior})" 1232 1233 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1234 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1235 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1236 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1237 ): 1238 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1239 1240 return type_sql
1242 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1243 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1244 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1245 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1246 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}"
1248 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1249 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1250 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1251 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1252 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1253 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1254 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1255 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1256 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1257 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1258 if self.RETURNING_END: 1259 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1260 else: 1261 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1262 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}")
1264 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1265 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1266 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1267 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1268 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1269 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1270 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1271 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1272 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1273 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1274 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1275 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1276 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1277 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}"
1285 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1286 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1287 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1288 count = expression.args.get("count") 1289 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1290 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1291 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1292 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1293 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}"
1295 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1296 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1297 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1298 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1299 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1300 1301 agg = expression.this 1302 agg_arg = agg.this 1303 cond = expression.expression.this 1304 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1305 return self.sql(agg)
1314 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1315 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1316 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1317 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1318 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1319 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1320 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1321 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1322 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1323 if include: 1324 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1325 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1326 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1327 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1328 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1329 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1330 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1331 1332 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}"
1334 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1335 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1336 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1337 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1338 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1339 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1340 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1341 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1342 1343 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1344 1345 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1346 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}"
1348 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1349 text = expression.name 1350 lower = text.lower() 1351 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1352 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1353 if ( 1354 expression.quoted 1355 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1356 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1357 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1358 ): 1359 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1360 return text
1375 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1376 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1377 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1378 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1379 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1380 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format))
1389 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1390 root_properties = [] 1391 with_properties = [] 1392 1393 for p in expression.expressions: 1394 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1395 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1396 with_properties.append(p) 1397 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1398 root_properties.append(p) 1399 1400 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1401 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1402 1403 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1404 with_props = " " + with_props 1405 1406 return root_props + with_props
def
properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties, prefix: str = '', sep: str = ', ', suffix: str = '', wrapped: bool = True) -> str:
1413 def properties( 1414 self, 1415 properties: exp.Properties, 1416 prefix: str = "", 1417 sep: str = ", ", 1418 suffix: str = "", 1419 wrapped: bool = True, 1420 ) -> str: 1421 if properties.expressions: 1422 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1423 if expressions: 1424 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1425 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1426 return ""
1431 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1432 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1433 for p in properties.expressions: 1434 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1435 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1436 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1437 else: 1438 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1439 1440 return properties_locs
def
property_name( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str:
1447 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1448 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1449 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1450 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1451 1452 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1453 if not property_name: 1454 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1455 1456 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1458 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1459 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1460 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1461 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1462 1463 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1464 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1465 like = f"({like})" 1466 1467 return like 1468 1469 if expression.expressions: 1470 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1471 1472 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1473 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}"
1480 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1481 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1482 local = expression.args.get("local") 1483 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1484 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1485 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1486 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1487 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL"
def
mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str:
1503 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1504 if expression.args.get("no"): 1505 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1506 if expression.args.get("default"): 1507 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1508 1509 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1510 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}"
1512 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1513 default = expression.args.get("default") 1514 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1515 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1516 if default or minimum or maximum: 1517 if default: 1518 prop = "DEFAULT" 1519 elif minimum: 1520 prop = "MINIMUM" 1521 else: 1522 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1523 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1524 units = expression.args.get("units") 1525 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1526 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}"
def
blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str:
1528 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1529 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1530 always = expression.args.get("always") 1531 default = expression.args.get("default") 1532 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1533 never = expression.args.get("never") 1534 1535 if autotemp is not None: 1536 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1537 elif always: 1538 prop = "ALWAYS" 1539 elif default: 1540 prop = "DEFAULT" 1541 elif manual: 1542 prop = "MANUAL" 1543 elif never: 1544 prop = "NEVER" 1545 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}"
def
isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str:
1547 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1548 no = expression.args.get("no") 1549 no = " NO" if no else "" 1550 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1551 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1552 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1553 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1554 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}"
1556 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1557 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1558 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1559 if expression.this: 1560 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1561 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1562 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1563 1564 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1565 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1566 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})"
1568 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1569 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1570 1571 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1572 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1573 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1574 else: 1575 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1576 1577 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}"
1579 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1580 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1581 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1582 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1583 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1584 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1585 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1586 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}"
1588 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1589 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1590 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1591 statistics_sql = "" 1592 if statistics is not None: 1593 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1594 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}"
def
withsystemversioningproperty_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str:
1596 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1597 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1598 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1599 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1600 data_consistency = ( 1601 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1602 ) 1603 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1604 retention_period = ( 1605 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1606 ) 1607 1608 if this: 1609 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1610 else: 1611 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1612 1613 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1614 1615 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql
1617 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1618 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1619 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1620 1621 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1622 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1623 else: 1624 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1625 1626 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1627 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1628 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1629 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1630 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1631 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1632 if is_function: 1633 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1634 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1635 1636 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1637 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1638 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1639 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1640 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1641 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1642 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1643 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1644 1645 if self.RETURNING_END: 1646 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1647 else: 1648 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1649 1650 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{where}{expression_sql}" 1651 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1675 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1676 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1677 1678 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1679 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1680 1681 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1682 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1683 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1684 1685 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1686 if expressions: 1687 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1688 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1689 1690 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}"
def
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str:
1695 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1696 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1697 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1698 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1699 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1700 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1701 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1702 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1703 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1704 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1705 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1706 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1707 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1708 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}"
1736 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1737 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1738 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1739 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1740 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1741 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1742 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1743 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1744 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1745 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1746 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1747 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1748 joins = self.indent( 1749 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1750 ) 1751 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1752 1753 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1754 if file_format: 1755 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1756 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1757 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1758 1759 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1760 if ordinality: 1761 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1762 alias = "" 1763 1764 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1765 if when: 1766 table = f"{table} {when}" 1767 1768 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1769 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1770 1771 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1772 if rows_from: 1773 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1774 1775 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}"
def
tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
1777 def tablesample_sql( 1778 self, 1779 expression: exp.TableSample, 1780 sep: str = " AS ", 1781 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1782 ) -> str: 1783 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1784 table = expression.this.copy() 1785 table.set("alias", None) 1786 this = self.sql(table) 1787 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1788 else: 1789 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1790 alias = "" 1791 1792 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1793 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1794 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1795 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1796 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1797 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1798 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1799 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1800 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1801 1802 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1803 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1804 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1805 1806 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1807 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1808 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1809 1810 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1811 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1812 expr = f"({expr})" 1813 1814 return ( 1815 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1816 )
1818 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1819 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1820 1821 if expression.this: 1822 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1823 if not expressions: 1824 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1825 1826 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1827 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1828 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1829 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1830 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1831 1832 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1833 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1834 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1835 1836 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1837 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1838 field = f"IN ({field})" 1839 1840 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1841 if include_nulls is not None: 1842 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1843 else: 1844 nulls = "" 1845 1846 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1847 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1848 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}"
1859 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1860 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1861 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1862 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1863 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1864 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1865 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1866 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1867 if self.RETURNING_END: 1868 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1869 else: 1870 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1871 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1872 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1874 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1875 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1876 1877 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1878 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1879 args = self.expressions(expression) 1880 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1881 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1882 values = ( 1883 f"({values})" 1884 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1885 else values 1886 ) 1887 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1888 1889 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1890 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1891 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1892 1893 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1894 1895 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1896 row = tup.expressions 1897 1898 if i == 0 and column_names: 1899 row = [ 1900 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1901 ] 1902 1903 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1904 1905 if self.pretty: 1906 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1907 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1908 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1909 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1910 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1911 1912 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1913 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1914 return f"({unions}){alias}"
1927 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1928 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1929 if group_by_all is True: 1930 modifier = " ALL" 1931 elif group_by_all is False: 1932 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1933 else: 1934 modifier = "" 1935 1936 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1937 1938 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1939 grouping_sets = ( 1940 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1941 ) 1942 1943 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1944 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1945 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1946 else: 1947 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1948 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1949 1950 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1951 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1952 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1953 else: 1954 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1955 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1956 1957 groupings = csv( 1958 grouping_sets, 1959 cube_sql, 1960 rollup_sql, 1961 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1962 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1963 ) 1964 1965 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1966 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1967 1968 return f"{group_by}{groupings}"
1974 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1975 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1976 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1977 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1978 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1979 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1980 return start + connect
1985 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1986 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 1987 side = None 1988 else: 1989 side = expression.side 1990 1991 op_sql = " ".join( 1992 op 1993 for op in ( 1994 expression.method, 1995 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1996 side, 1997 expression.kind, 1998 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1999 ) 2000 if op 2001 ) 2002 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2003 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2004 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2005 using = expression.args.get("using") 2006 2007 if not on_sql and using: 2008 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2009 2010 this = expression.this 2011 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2012 2013 if on_sql: 2014 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2015 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2016 if using: 2017 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2018 else: 2019 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2020 elif not op_sql: 2021 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2022 return f" {this_sql}" 2023 2024 return f", {this_sql}" 2025 2026 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2027 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2028 2029 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}"
2036 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2037 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2038 2039 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2040 if cross_apply is True: 2041 op = "INNER JOIN " 2042 elif cross_apply is False: 2043 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2044 else: 2045 op = "" 2046 2047 return f"{op}LATERAL"
2049 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2050 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2051 2052 if expression.args.get("view"): 2053 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2054 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2055 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2056 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2057 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2058 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2059 2060 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2061 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2062 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}"
2064 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2065 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2066 2067 args = [ 2068 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2069 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2070 if e 2071 ] 2072 2073 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2074 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2075 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2076 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2077 2078 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}"
2080 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2081 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2082 value = expression.expression 2083 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2084 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2085 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2086 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}"
2088 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2089 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2090 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2091 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2092 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2093 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2094 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2095 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2096 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}"
2098 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2099 expressions = ( 2100 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2101 ) 2102 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2103 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}"
2108 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2109 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2110 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2111 return "" 2112 2113 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2114 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2115 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2116 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2117 2118 if wait is not None: 2119 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2120 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2121 else: 2122 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2123 2124 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}"
def
escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str:
2132 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2133 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2134 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2135 text = "".join( 2136 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2137 ) 2138 2139 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2140 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2141 )
2143 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2144 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2145 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2146 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2147 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2148 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2149 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2150 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2151 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2152 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2153 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2154 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}"
2162 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2163 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2164 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2165 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2166 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2167 interpolated_values = [ 2168 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2169 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2170 ] 2171 interpolate = ( 2172 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2173 ) 2174 return f"{order}{interpolate}"
2176 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2177 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2178 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2179 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2180 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2181 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2182 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2183 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}"
2194 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2195 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2196 asc = not desc 2197 2198 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2199 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2200 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2201 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2202 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2203 2204 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2205 2206 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2207 nulls_sort_change = "" 2208 if nulls_first and ( 2209 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2210 ): 2211 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2212 elif ( 2213 nulls_last 2214 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2215 and not nulls_are_last 2216 ): 2217 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2218 2219 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2220 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2221 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2222 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2223 self.unsupported( 2224 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2225 ) 2226 nulls_sort_change = "" 2227 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2228 if expression.this.is_int: 2229 self.unsupported( 2230 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2231 ) 2232 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2233 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2234 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2235 nulls_sort_change = "" 2236 2237 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2238 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2239 2240 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}"
2250 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2251 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2252 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2253 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2254 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2255 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2256 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2257 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2258 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2259 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2260 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2261 definition_sqls = [ 2262 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2263 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2264 ] 2265 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2266 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2267 body = "".join( 2268 ( 2269 partition, 2270 order, 2271 measures, 2272 rows, 2273 after, 2274 pattern, 2275 define, 2276 ) 2277 ) 2278 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2279 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2280 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}"
2282 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2283 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2284 2285 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2286 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2287 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2288 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2289 2290 return csv( 2291 *sqls, 2292 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2293 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2294 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2295 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2296 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2297 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2298 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2299 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2300 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2301 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2302 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2303 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2304 self.options_modifier(expression), 2305 sep="", 2306 )
def
offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
2315 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2316 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2317 ) -> t.List[str]: 2318 return [ 2319 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2320 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2321 ]
2328 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2329 into = expression.args.get("into") 2330 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2331 into.pop() 2332 2333 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2334 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2335 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2336 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2337 2338 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2339 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2340 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2341 limit.pop() 2342 else: 2343 top = "" 2344 2345 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2346 2347 if kind: 2348 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2349 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2350 else: 2351 if kind == "STRUCT": 2352 expressions = self.expressions( 2353 sqls=[ 2354 self.sql( 2355 exp.Struct( 2356 expressions=[ 2357 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2358 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2359 else e 2360 for e in expression.expressions 2361 ] 2362 ) 2363 ) 2364 ] 2365 ) 2366 kind = "" 2367 2368 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2369 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2370 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2371 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2372 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2373 expression, 2374 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2375 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2376 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2377 ) 2378 2379 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2380 2381 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2382 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2383 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2384 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2385 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2386 else: 2387 table_kind = "" 2388 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2389 2390 return sql
2402 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2403 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2404 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2405 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2406 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2407 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2408 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2409 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}"
2425 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2426 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2427 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2428 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2429 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2430 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
2436 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2437 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2438 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2439 order = expression.args.get("order") 2440 2441 if limit or order: 2442 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2443 2444 if limit: 2445 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2446 if order: 2447 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2448 return self.sql(select) 2449 2450 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2451 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2452 2453 while stack: 2454 node = stack.pop() 2455 2456 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2457 stack.append(node.expression) 2458 stack.append( 2459 self.maybe_comment( 2460 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2461 comments=node.comments, 2462 separated=True, 2463 ) 2464 ) 2465 stack.append(node.this) 2466 else: 2467 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2468 2469 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2470 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2471 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this)
2482 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2483 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2484 2485 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2486 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2487 2488 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2489 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2490 alias.append("columns", offset) 2491 2492 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2493 columns = alias.columns 2494 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2495 else: 2496 alias = self.sql(alias) 2497 2498 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2499 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2500 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2501 else: 2502 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2503 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2504 elif offset: 2505 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2506 else: 2507 suffix = alias 2508 2509 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}"
2518 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2519 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2520 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2521 order = expression.args.get("order") 2522 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2523 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2524 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2525 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2526 2527 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2528 2529 first = expression.args.get("first") 2530 if first is None: 2531 first = "" 2532 else: 2533 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2534 2535 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2536 return f"{this} {alias}" 2537 2538 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2539 return f"{this} ({args})"
def
partition_by_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Window | sqlglot.expressions.MatchRecognize) -> str:
2545 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2546 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2547 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2548 end = ( 2549 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2550 or "CURRENT ROW" 2551 ) 2552 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}"
def
bracket_offset_expressions( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2580 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2581 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2582 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2583 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2584 this = self.wrap(this) 2585 return f"ANY{this}" 2586 return f"ANY {this}"
2591 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2592 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2593 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2594 2595 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2596 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2597 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2598 2599 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2600 2601 if default: 2602 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2603 2604 statements.append("END") 2605 2606 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2607 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2608 2609 return " ".join(statements)
2626 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2627 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2628 2629 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2630 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2631 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2632 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2633 else: 2634 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression)
def
convert_concat_args( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2636 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2637 args = expression.expressions 2638 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2639 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2640 2641 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2642 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2643 2644 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2645 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2646 2647 return args
2649 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2650 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2651 2652 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2653 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2654 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2655 2656 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions)
2667 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2668 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2669 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2670 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2671 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2672 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2673 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2674 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2675 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}"
2677 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2678 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2679 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2680 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2681 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}"
2701 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2702 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2703 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2704 if not callable(transform): 2705 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2706 return "" 2707 2708 return transform(self, expression) 2709 2710 if isinstance(expression, int): 2711 return str(expression) 2712 2713 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2714 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2715 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2716 else: 2717 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2718 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2719 2720 return escaped
def
jsonobject_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject | sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg) -> str:
2725 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2726 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2727 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2728 2729 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2730 if unique_keys is not None: 2731 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2732 else: 2733 unique_keys = "" 2734 2735 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2736 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2737 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2738 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2739 2740 return self.func( 2741 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2742 *expression.expressions, 2743 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2744 )
2749 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2750 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2751 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2752 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2753 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2754 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2755 return self.func( 2756 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2757 )
2759 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2760 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2761 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2762 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2763 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2764 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2765 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2766 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2767 return self.func( 2768 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2769 this, 2770 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2771 )
2773 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2774 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2775 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2776 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2777 2778 if nested_schema: 2779 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2780 2781 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2782 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2783 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2784 return f"{this}{kind}{path}"
2789 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2790 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2791 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2792 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2793 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2794 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2795 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2796 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2797 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2798 return self.func( 2799 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2800 )
2802 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2803 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2804 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2805 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2806 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2807 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2808 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}"
2810 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2811 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2812 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2813 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2814 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2815 with_ = ( 2816 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2817 if expressions 2818 else "" 2819 ) 2820 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}"
2822 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2823 query = expression.args.get("query") 2824 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2825 field = expression.args.get("field") 2826 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2827 2828 if query: 2829 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2830 elif unnest: 2831 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2832 elif field: 2833 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2834 else: 2835 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2836 2837 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}"
2842 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2843 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2844 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2845 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2846 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2847 2848 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2849 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2850 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2851 2852 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2853 if this: 2854 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2855 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2856 2857 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}"
2862 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2863 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2864 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2865 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2866 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2867 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2868 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}"
2891 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2892 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2893 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2894 2895 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2896 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2897 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2898 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2899 2900 return self.alias_sql(expression)
def
and_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.And, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
or_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Or, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
xor_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
connector_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Connector, op: str, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
2938 def connector_sql( 2939 self, 2940 expression: exp.Connector, 2941 op: str, 2942 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2943 ) -> str: 2944 if stack is not None: 2945 if expression.expressions: 2946 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2947 else: 2948 stack.append(expression.right) 2949 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2950 for comment in expression.comments: 2951 if comment: 2952 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2953 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2954 return op 2955 2956 stack = [expression] 2957 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2958 ops = set() 2959 2960 while stack: 2961 node = stack.pop() 2962 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2963 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2964 else: 2965 sql = self.sql(node) 2966 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2967 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2968 else: 2969 sqls.append(sql) 2970 2971 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2972 return sep.join(sqls)
def
cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
2992 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 2993 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 2994 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 2995 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2996 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2997 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 2998 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 2999 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})"
3013 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3014 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3015 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3016 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3017 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3018 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3019 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}"
3021 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3022 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3023 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3024 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3025 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3026 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3027 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3028 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3029 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3030 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}"
3032 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3033 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3034 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3035 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3036 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3037 3038 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3039 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3040 3041 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}"
3058 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3059 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3060 3061 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3062 if dtype: 3063 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3064 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3065 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3066 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3067 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3068 3069 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3070 if default: 3071 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3072 3073 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3074 if comment: 3075 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3076 3077 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3078 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3079 3080 if not drop and not allow_null: 3081 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3082 3083 if allow_null is not None: 3084 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3085 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3086 3087 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT"
3095 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3096 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3097 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3098 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3099 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3100 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}"
3102 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3103 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3104 # Remove db from tables 3105 expression = expression.transform( 3106 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3107 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3108 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3109 return f"RENAME TO {this}"
3121 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3122 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3123 3124 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3125 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3126 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3127 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3128 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3129 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3130 else: 3131 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3132 3133 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3134 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3135 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3136 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3137 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3138 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3139 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}"
3141 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 3142 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3143 return self.expressions( 3144 expression, 3145 key="actions", 3146 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3147 skip_first=True, 3148 ) 3149 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}"
3159 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3160 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3161 3162 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3163 case = exp.case() 3164 for arg in expression.expressions: 3165 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3166 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3167 3168 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3169 3170 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3171 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3172 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}"
3201 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3202 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3203 3204 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3205 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3206 3207 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3208 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3209 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3210 3211 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3212 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3213 return self.sql( 3214 exp.cast( 3215 l / r, 3216 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3217 ) 3218 ) 3219 3220 return self.binary(expression, "/")
3308 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3309 this = expression.this 3310 expr = expression.expression 3311 3312 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3313 this, expr = expr, this 3314 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3315 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3316 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3317 3318 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3319 3320 return self.func("LOG", this, expr)
3333 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3334 args = [] 3335 3336 for key in expression.arg_types: 3337 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3338 3339 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3340 for value in arg_value: 3341 args.append(value) 3342 elif arg_value is not None: 3343 args.append(arg_value) 3344 3345 if self.normalize_functions: 3346 name = expression.sql_name() 3347 else: 3348 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3349 3350 return self.func(name, *args)
def
func( self, name: str, *args: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], prefix: str = '(', suffix: str = ')') -> str:
3361 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3362 arg_sqls = tuple( 3363 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3364 ) 3365 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3366 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3367 return ", ".join(arg_sqls)
def
format_time( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, inverse_time_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, inverse_time_trie: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Optional[str]:
3372 def format_time( 3373 self, 3374 expression: exp.Expression, 3375 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3376 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3377 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3378 return format_time( 3379 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3380 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3381 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3382 )
def
expressions( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, key: Optional[str] = None, sqls: Optional[Collection[Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = None, flat: bool = False, indent: bool = True, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False, sep: str = ', ', prefix: str = '', dynamic: bool = False, new_line: bool = False) -> str:
3384 def expressions( 3385 self, 3386 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3387 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3388 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3389 flat: bool = False, 3390 indent: bool = True, 3391 skip_first: bool = False, 3392 skip_last: bool = False, 3393 sep: str = ", ", 3394 prefix: str = "", 3395 dynamic: bool = False, 3396 new_line: bool = False, 3397 ) -> str: 3398 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3399 3400 if not expressions: 3401 return "" 3402 3403 if flat: 3404 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3405 3406 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3407 result_sqls = [] 3408 3409 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3410 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3411 if not sql: 3412 continue 3413 3414 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3415 3416 if self.pretty: 3417 if self.leading_comma: 3418 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3419 else: 3420 result_sqls.append( 3421 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3422 ) 3423 else: 3424 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3425 3426 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3427 if new_line: 3428 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3429 result_sqls.append("") 3430 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3431 else: 3432 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3433 return ( 3434 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3435 if indent 3436 else result_sql 3437 )
def
op_expressions( self, op: str, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str:
3439 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3440 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3441 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3442 if flat: 3443 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3444 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}"
3446 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3447 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3448 if not property_name: 3449 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3450 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
3458 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3459 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3460 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3461 expressions = ( 3462 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3463 ) 3464 return f"{this}{expressions}"
3474 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3475 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3476 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3477 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3478 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3479 3480 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3481 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3482 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3483 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3484 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3485 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3486 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3487 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3488 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3489 else: 3490 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3491 else: 3492 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3493 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}"
3495 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3496 table = expression.this 3497 table_alias = "" 3498 3499 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3500 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3501 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3502 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3503 3504 this = self.sql(table) 3505 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3506 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3507 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3508 sep = self.sep() 3509 3510 return self.prepend_ctes( 3511 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3512 )
3520 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3521 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3522 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3523 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3524 3525 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3526 if not fmt: 3527 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3528 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3529 3530 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt)
3532 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3533 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3534 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3535 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3536 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3537 return f"{this}({kind}{args})"
3551 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3552 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3553 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3554 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3555 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3556 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS"
3558 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3559 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3560 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3561 3562 if having: 3563 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3564 3565 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this)
3567 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3568 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3569 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3570 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3571 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3572 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3573 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3574 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3575 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3576 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3577 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3578 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3579 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3580 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}"
3582 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3583 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3584 if key_block_size: 3585 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3586 3587 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3588 if using: 3589 return f"USING {using}" 3590 3591 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3592 if parser: 3593 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3594 3595 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3596 if comment: 3597 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3598 3599 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3600 if visible is not None: 3601 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3602 3603 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3604 if engine_attr: 3605 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3606 3607 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3608 if secondary_engine_attr: 3609 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3610 3611 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3612 return ""
3618 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3619 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3620 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3621 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3622 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3623 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3624 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3625 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3626 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3627 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3628 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3629 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}"
3631 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3632 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3633 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3634 3635 case = exp.Case().when( 3636 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3637 expression.args["true"], 3638 copy=False, 3639 ) 3640 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3641 if else_cond: 3642 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3643 3644 return self.sql(case)
3646 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3647 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3648 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3649 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3650 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3651 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3652 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}"
3660 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3661 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3662 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3663 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3664 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3665 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3666 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None)
3681 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3682 arg = expression.this 3683 if not arg.type: 3684 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3685 3686 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3687 3688 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3689 return self.sql(arg) 3690 3691 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3692 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False)))
3708 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3709 this = expression.this 3710 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3711 3712 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3713 return self.sql( 3714 exp.cast( 3715 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3716 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3717 ) 3718 ) 3719 3720 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3721 return self.sql(this) 3722 3723 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
3735 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3736 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3737 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3738 3739 unit = expression.text("unit") 3740 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3741 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3742 3743 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this)
3752 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3753 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3754 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3755 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3756 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3757 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3758 3759 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3760 3761 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3762 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3763 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3764 3765 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3767 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3768 expression.set( 3769 "expressions", 3770 [ 3771 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3772 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3773 else e 3774 for e in expression.expressions 3775 ], 3776 ) 3777 3778 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3786 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3787 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3788 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3789 3790 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3791 3792 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3793 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3794 3795 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3796 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3797 3798 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3799 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3800 3801 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3802 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3803 3804 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}"
3808 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3809 to = expression.this 3810 value = expression.expression 3811 style = expression.args.get("style") 3812 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3813 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3814 3815 if not to or not value: 3816 return "" 3817 3818 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3819 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3820 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3821 3822 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3823 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3824 3825 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3826 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3827 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3828 3829 style_value = style.name 3830 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3831 if not converted_style: 3832 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3833 3834 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3835 3836 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3837 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3838 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3839 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3840 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3841 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3842 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3843 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3844 3845 if not transformed: 3846 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3847 3848 return self.sql(transformed)
3904 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3905 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3906 3907 if expression.expressions: 3908 upper = option.upper() 3909 3910 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3911 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3912 3913 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3914 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3915 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3916 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3917 3918 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3919 3920 if not value: 3921 return option 3922 3923 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3924 3925 return f"{option}{op}{value}"
3927 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3928 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3929 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3930 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3931 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3932 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3933 else: 3934 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3935 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3936 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3937 3938 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3939 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3940 3941 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3942 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3943 3944 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3945 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3946 3947 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3948 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3949 3950 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}"
3952 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3953 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3954 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3955 3956 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3957 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3958 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3959 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3960 3961 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3962 params = self.expressions( 3963 expression, 3964 key="params", 3965 sep=sep, 3966 new_line=True, 3967 skip_last=True, 3968 skip_first=True, 3969 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3970 ) 3971 3972 if params: 3973 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3974 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3975 elif not self.pretty: 3976 params = f" {params}" 3977 3978 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}"
3983 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 3984 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 3985 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 3986 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 3987 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 3988 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 3989 3990 if filter_col or retention_period: 3991 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 3992 3993 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}"
def
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint) -> str:
3995 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 3996 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 3997 ) -> str: 3998 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3999 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4000 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4001 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}"
4011 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4012 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4013 expr = expression.expression 4014 4015 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4016 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4017 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4018 else: 4019 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4020 4021 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this)
4029 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4030 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4031 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4032 4033 if lower and upper: 4034 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4035 return self.func("RAND", expression.this)
4037 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4038 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4039 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4040 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4041 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4042 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4043 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4044 4045 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}"
4047 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4048 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4049 4050 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4051 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4052 fill_pattern = "' '" 4053 4054 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern)
def
explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str:
4060 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4061 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4062 4063 parent = expression.parent 4064 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4065 parent = parent.parent 4066 4067 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4068 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4069 4070 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4071 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4072 4073 return self.sql(generate_series)
def
arrayconcat_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat, name: str = 'ARRAY_CONCAT') -> str:
4075 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4076 exprs = expression.expressions 4077 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4078 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4079 else: 4080 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4081 4082 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs)